Freedom Ride Essays - Freedom Riders, Community Organizing

Freedom Ride The purpose of the Freedom Ride was to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia in 1960. The decision said that it was unconstitutional to have segregation in interstate bus and rail stations. The first Freedom Ride began on May 4, 1961. A group of seven blacks and six whites from a group called CORE decided to see test the Supreme Court Decision. They planned a trip from Washington, DC on Greyhound and Trailway buses. Their plan was to ride through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi and end with a rally in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 17. During the trip the whites would sit in the back and the blacks in the front of the buses. At rest stops, the whites would go into blacks-only areas and blacks would go into whites-only areas. They weren?t doing anything illegal because the Supreme Court decision said that they could do this but they figured that they were going to have problems because the people didn?t like this. The trip started off with only a few small problems but things got worse. On May 14 the group split up onto two different buses in Alabama. One bus was met by a group of about 200 angry mobsters who stoned the bus and slashed the tires. When the bus stopped to fix the tires, the bus was firebombed. The other bus didn?t do much better. It was met by a mob in Birmingham and who beat up many of the riders. The Freedom Riders did not let the violence end their trip. They wanted to finish what they started so they continued their journey. They traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery without more problems but when they arrived in Montgomery they were attacked badly by a mob of more than 1000 whites. The police did not help stop the violence. The attacks made other people in the rest of the country speak up for the Freedom Riders and demand that the President Kennedy stop the violence. More people joined the Freedom Rider but there were still more attacks and also a lot of them got sent to jail. They never ended up making it to New Orleans. Their trip wasn?t for nothing though. After seeing what happened to the Freedom Riders a lot of people starting speaking out to the government to take a stand on civil rights. Finally, the Interstate Commerce Commission outlawed segregation in interstate bus travel in a ruling in November 1961. The Freedom Riders didn?t finish their trip, but they still made an important contribution to the civil rights movement. http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/freeride.html http://www.core-online.org/History/freedom%20rides.htm

Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology, Electric Chair

Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology, Electric Chair Death Penalty Oklahoma executed Sean Sellers, who was sixteen when he murdered his parents, February 1999. This marked the first time in forty years that such a young offender was executed in the United States. Criticism and calls for clemency came from around the world, including Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the American Bar Association, and Amnesty International. These events that have occurred in our country are tearing it apart at its seams: the death penalty and the divided America it has created. Long before the first prisons were built there was the penalty of death. The Greeks and Hebrews developed a specific ritual for execution by stoning. Death by a thousand cuts was popular in China where small bits of flesh were carved away over a period of days or weeks. In the 19th century India elephants were sometimes used to make executions especially excruciating. While in England people convicted of capital crimes were hung, disemboweled, and quartered. For a century, animals also found their way into the gallows; in 1396 a pig accused of fatally injuring a child was dressed in the suit of a man and publicly hanged. Nearly four centuries have passed since the first documented lawful execution on American soil in 1608. The early ways of execution were adapted from the British, even though the colonies were thought to be more humane. In England burning at the stake, quartering, and disemboweling were still common place, hanging was the choice method of killing convicts in the colonies. However, the public hangings still had the festive carnival atmosphere as they did in Europe. Lynching was an unofficial form of execution and was widespread in early America. 1,540 documented lynchings were performed at its peak in the 1890s, during that time 1,098 authorized government executions were performed. It would seem that injecting someone with deadly chemicals would be less expensive than keeping them incarcerated for the rest of their life. The best studies on the cost of the death penalty show that it costs about two million dollars more per execution in a state with capital punishment than for a system that imposes life imprisonment. From 1994 to 1976 an extra cost of one billion dollars has been spent on the death penalty. The state of Ohio spent at least $1.5 million to kill Wilford Berry a mentally ill man who wanted to be executed. In the end it would have cost half as much to keep him in prison for his entire life. From the days of slavery when African Americans were considered property, through the years of lynchings and Jim Crow laws, capital punishment has always been affected by race. Unfortunately, the days of racial bias in the death penalty have not come to an end and become a memory of the past. In 1980, Clarence Brandley was charged with the murder of a white high school girl and later exonerated in 1990. One of you two is going to hang for this. Since youre the nigger youre elected, a Texas police officer told Brandley while he was being arrested. Two studies were performed pertaining to racial discrimination and the death penalty. One was by two of the countrys best researchers on race and capital punishment, David Baldus and George Woodworth. They studied the likely hood of being sentenced to the death penalty based on race and discovered if you were an African American in Philadelphia being charged of a crime that a Caucasian was also being charged of, the African has a 38% greater chance of conviction. Professor Jeffrey Pokorak performed the second study. He discovered that the key decision-makers in death cases around the country are almost exclusively white. Virginia leads the country in the number of defense attorneys that are African Americans with eight out of 121 Defense Attorneys currently practicing. While Missouri is second only to Texas in the number of white defense attorneys there is no Hispanic or African Defense Attorneys currently in the circuit. 1999 was a year of controversy for the death penalty, the rise in executions is at an all time high and the drop in death penalty support is at an all time low. Last year the number of executions went up 44% from 43 executions

Economic Questions Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Questions - Speech or Presentation Example M1 is the narrowest measure of money which includes currency, checking account deposits and travelers checks. The M2 includes the M1 plus other assets that have check-writing features such as small-denomination time deposits, savings deposits and money market accounts, and money market mutual fund shares (noninstitutional). The M3 monetary aggregate is composed of M2 plus large denomination time deposits, term repurchase agreements, term Eurodollars and institutional money market mutual fund shares (Mishkin 57- 59). The Fed consists of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks, around 3000 member commercial banks, the Board of Governors of the Fed, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Federal Advisory Council. Each of the 12 Federal Reserve banks perform the following: a. clear checks; b. issue new currency; c. withdraw damaged currency from circulation; d. administer and make discount loans to banks in their districts; e. evaluate proposed mergers and applications for banks to expand their activities; f. act as intermediaries between the business community and the Fed; g. examine bank holding companies and state-chartered banks; h. collect data on local business conditions; i. use their staff of professional economist to research topics related to monetary policy (Mishkin 369- 370). Those in favor of an independent Fed argue... This would add inflationary bias to monetary policy leading to an expansionary monetary policy and political business cycles. However, those in favor of less independent Fed want more accountability, transparency and democratic decision- making which affects the entire economy (Mishkin 386-387). DQ 1: Discuss the four players and how they affect the money supply process. First is the central bank, the main government agency which oversees the banking system and is in control of monetary policy. Second are the banks which serve as financial intermediaries as they accept deposits and grant loans. Third are the depositors who hold accounts in banks. The last players are the borrowers from the banks (Mishkin391- 392). DQ 2: Discuss the deficiencies of the simple model of multiple deposit creation. First, the model fails to take into account the behavior of all four players which could affect the money supply, especially the role played by the central bank. Also, it fails to predict the smaller expansion of deposits once depositors decide to hold more currency or when banks decide to hold excess reserves (Mishkin 409-410). DQ 3: Compare and contrast the Keynesian and Monetarist views on the money supply. Both schools of thought see the money supply as an important component of the economy. They just differ on the policy to address the fluctuations resulting from the increasing money supply. Keynesian economists believe that central bank can manipulate the levels of money supply, either by increasing or raising it to prop up the economy. Monetarist believes that the central bank should avoid controlling the money supply since it will lead to further fluctuations.

Relative Rates of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Lab Report - 1

Relative Rates of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - Lab Report Example In SN2 mechanisms, primary alkyl halides reacted faster than tertiary ones while in SN1 mechanism the tertiary alkyl halides reacted faster than primary ones. It was concluded that aprotic, polar solvents favoured SN2 reactions while SN1 reactions were favoured by protic, polar solvents. Nucleophilic substitution reactions occur by two major pathways namely SN1 and the SN2 reactions (McMurry 228). In all nucleophilic substitution reactions, the nucleophile (Nu:-) reacts with the substrate (R-X) and substitutes it for a leaving group (X:-) yielding the product R-Nu. For a neutral nucleophile (Nu:), the product is positively charged for charge conservation while for a negatively charged nucleophile (Nu:-), the product is neutral (McMurry 228). In SN2, which stands for substitution nucleophilic bimolecular, the alkyl halide and the nucleophile are involved at the transition state (Carey 306). Bond formation between carbon and the nucleophile aids in cleavage of the bond between carbon and the leaving group. In the changeover position, the carbon atom is partially bonded to the leaving group and the incoming nucleophile (Carey 307). Since the nucleophile attacks the substrate from the side that is opposite the bond to the leaving group, the mechanism leads to the inversion of configuration in the resultant product. Different rates are observed when methyl, primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution in SN2 (Carey 310). The rate is faster in methyl halides than in tertiary halides due to steric hindrance offered to the nucleophilic attack by the tertiary halides. In most SN2 reactions, the leaving group is expelled with a negative charge. Therefore, the best leaving groups are those that produce the most stables anions (McMurry 233). Among the halides, I- ion is the most reactive while F- ion is the least reactive. Most aprotic polar solvents cause the solvation of the metal counterion that is

Human Resource Management assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management assignment 2 - Essay Example While our objective remains to do the most we can for the stakeholders of the company, there are several constraints placed on us and an understanding of these constraints as well as the means by which we can work around them is essential for the management of the company. The first and primary concerns which we have with regard to the pay and remuneration package are legal concerns. Since the call centre is not expected to have directors or people at the board of the company working within it, the issues surrounding stock based bonuses and director’s salaries may be removed from the table but other issues such as performance based bonuses which cause our call centre employees to become more than motivated to pressure customers into signing up for one of our products or another may be ethically and legally questionable. Therefore we must be careful while linking the sales of our products with performance. There is also the question of broader legal issues such as age, race, gender, religious affiliations and other measures of equality on which discrimination must not take place with regard to the salaries given to employees at the same level in the company (Foot and Hook, 2005). As a worker’s rights issue, a lot has been done in the past to create equality with regard to these measures and legislation certainly exists to prevent discrimination between employees. However, it is also certain that such discriminatory practices exist in Europe as well as America despite the push from the law against it. We need to make sure that as a company we do not discriminate and this assurance can come from an external audit of our salary systems and remuneration packages. Further, if we are ever taken to court on the basis of discrimination with regard to salaries given to the employees, an external auditor can be of great use in showing that we do not engage in such practices. Understandably, ethical concerns go hand in hand with legal concerns

Starbucks Business And Marketing Plan Marketing Essay

Starbucks Business And Marketing Plan Marketing Essay What was once a small coffee shop opened by Gerald Baldwin, Gordon Bowker, and Ziev Siegl in 1971, Starbucks Coffee Company has grown into the number one specialty coffee retailer. With over 10,000 coffee shops in more than 30 countries, of which 4,200 are licensed and franchised and 6,000 are owned, the companys main objective is to establish Starbucks as the most recognized and respected brand in the world, (Moon) . Currently, Starbucks is relying on retail expansion, product innovation, and service innovation to achieve a long-term goal once set by current chairman Howard Schultz: The idea was to create a chain of coffeehouses that would becomeAmericas third place. At the time, most Americans had two places in their lives home and work. But I believed that people needed another place, a place where they could go to relax and enjoy others, or just be by themselves. I envisioned a place that would be separate from home or work, a place that would mean different things to different people, (Moon). By working toward this goal, Starbucks wants to open new stores in both new and existing markets, expand their product development process, and cater to customers needs to eventually improve their financial position and dominate market share. Market Summary Target Markets In the early stages of development for Starbucks, Schultz identified their target market as affluent, well-educated, white-collar patrons (skewed female) between the ages of 25 and 44, (Moon). Over time, market research teams have recognized the new target market as younger, less well-educated, and in a lower income bracket than their more established customers, (Moon). Market Demographics Geographics (Moon) Data from 2002 showed that in the Southeast there was only one store for every 110,000 people. whereas in the Pacific Northwest. There was one store for every 20,000 people. Hence, the company was far from reaching existing markets. International plans showed Starbucks was operating in over 30Company-owned stores in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Thailand. Also, 900 licensed stores were operating in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. Demographics Young, affluent, tech-savvy customers (Hoovers) a 1999 estimate showed that 70% of customers were internet users, and today the estimate has exceeded 90% (Hoovers). Moms with strollers (Hoovers) People combining work and a coffee break (Hoovers) The most frequent customers average 18 visits per month, whereas the typical customer visits five times per month (Moon). Market Needs Starbucks wants to create an experience for their customers that combine their on-the-go schedule, as well as a place to relax. Senior vice president of administration in North America Christine Day explains that, people come here for the coffee, but ambience is what makes them want to stay, Selection Starbucks menu contains brewed coffee, espresso traditions and favourites, cold beverages, coffee alternatives, frappuccinos, and the sale of whole beans. Accessibility Starbucks operates over 10,000 retail stores. Most of the 4,200 franchised stores are located in shopping malls and airports. Starbucks coffee brands are also marketed through grocery stores in the form of beans and even ice cream flavours. Customer Service Starbucks employees are referred to as partners. As of 2002, Starbucks employed 60,000 partners worldwide, 50,000 of those in the United States. From the beginning when Howard Schultz took Over Starbucks, he believed, Partner satisfaction leads to customer satisfaction, (Moon). Competitive Pricing Starbucks brand coffee sold in grocery stores are similar to these prices found in the cafes. Market Forecast (Moon) Over the next few years, an estimate for the U.S. retail coffee market expects specialty coffee to have a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 9%-10%. Starbucks was also estimated in 2002 to grow at a CAGR of about 20% top-line revenue growth. As of 2002, coffee consumption had risen with more than half of the population (about 109 million people) drinking coffee every day, and an additional 52 million drinking coffee on occasion. PEST Analysis Political Influences Relationships between coffee producing nations and US State Local government controls Economic Influences Constant demand for food and beverages Changes in disposable income could influence purchase levels Social Influences Consumer preferences could shift from coffee to other beverages Technological Influences Use of technology can improve operational efficiencies Market Growth Reports show in 2002, the number of specialty coffee drinkers has become the markets biggest growth. An estimated one-third of all U.S. coffee consumption takes place outside of the home and in places such as offices, restaurants, and coffee shops (Moon). SWOT Analysis Strengths The company is good at taking advantage of opportunities. Starbucks is very profitable and has a strong financial base, therefore allowing the company to undertake new business ventures. Revenue increased to $5294.2 million in 2004, a 29.9% increase from 2003 (Data Monitor) Profits increased to $610 million in 2004, a 43.7% increase from 2003. Net earnings increased 46% (SWOT). The company is internationally recognized and has a global presence. Their reputation is one of fine products and services. Almost 9,000 cafes in almost 40 countries (SWOT) Widespread brand recognition, which in turn becomes brand Preference, and ideally eventually brand loyalty. Strong customer base Clusters company units Expands business with the continuing growth of the coffee market, especially in areas where the company is already well established, and groups stores in an area, therefore able to dominate the region. Leads to considerable financial reward without suffering from cannibalism (Data Monitor). Focus on opening stores that have convenient access for pedestrian and drivers Helps the company capture an increasing share of the coffee market Weaknesses Reliance on beverage innovation Vulnerable to the possibility that their innovation may falter over time Company growth is mostly driven by beverage innovation. If U.S. store growth decreases, stock is lowered in value. Diminishing return from beverage innovation would have an adverse effect (Data Monitor). More than 75% of the companys stores are in the USA (Data Monitor). May need to look for an assortment of countries in which to open more shops in order to spread business risk 85% of revenue is from its domestic US market (Data Monitor). Has high international brand recognition and should look to generate a greater proportion of revenue from outside the USA Would suffer greatly if U.S. stores underperformed because of economic conditions or increased levels of competition Dependent on the retail of coffee, this could make them slow to diversify into other divisions if the need should arise. Employee efficiency is poor. Lower revenue per employee ($71,544-fiscal 2004) compared to the Industry average ($110,841) (Data Monitor) Lower income per employee ($5,294) compared to the industry average ($9,500) (Data Monitor). Lower Return on Equity than peers Companys 5 year average ROE (13.65%) have been lower than the Industry average (15.09%) (Data Monitor). Need to effectively manage its finances to ensure that returns are at par of higher than industry average. Problems in some international operations Problems of expansion: A number of openings are failing to be Successful. Japanese operations: The Company has experienced some same-stores sluggishness. Closures of stores in Israel and Tel Aviv: Hurts growth prospects in the region Opportunities In 2004, created a CD-burning service where customers can create their own music CD Opportunities for revenue growth by expanding its global operations New markets for coffee are beginning to emerge; for example, in Indian and the Pacific Rim (SWOT). Targeting 15,000 international stores in the next few years Expansion potential questionable in Brazil, India, and Russia China could be one of the largest markets, and therefore the company will focus on Beijing and Shanghai. Large urban population Rising economy Increase in coffee consumption Co-branding with other manufacturers of food and drinks and brand franchising to manufacturers of other goods and services Creates loyalty for Starbucks brand Recently signed agreement with Jim Beam Brands to develop and market a Starbucks-branded coffee liqueur drink (Data Monitor), which has strong revenue potential because: Liqueurs represent $4-5 billion opportunity (Data Monitor). Liqueurs with coffee represent a considerable segment of the Liqueur market. There is a significant overlap between consumers of liqueurs and consumers loyal to the Starbucks brand (Data Monitor). Growth in coffee markets: Starbucks has a market share of over 40% of the special coffee market (Data Monitor). Therefore growth in this category would result in considerable opportunities for further growth and expansion in the near future. Threats Coffee may not stay in favour with customers, and another type of beverage or leisure activity could replace it. Rises in the costs of dairy products could affect the companys margins. Competition Competitive coffee shops Copy cat brands Restaurants Street carts Competition could enter the market at any time. The U.S. specialty coffee market continues to grow, and an Increasing number of firms is looking to enter. At any time, a company with greater financial, marketing, and Operating resources could enter the market and compete directly with Starbucks. Volatile nature of the coffee market Multiple factors, including weather, political, and economic conditions for example, can potentially negatively affect the companys business. Green coffee prices may be affected due to agreements establishing export quotas or restricting global coffee supplies. Slowing U.S. retail sales Domestic retail accounts for about 75% of the companys revenue growth and an even greater proportion of profit growth (Data Monitor). If current U.S. store growth continues, saturation levels within the North American division may be reached within five years. Before Reaching this point, US retail sales growth will slow significantly (Data Monitor) Competition Competition comes in several forms: Independent/Local coffee shops Social and inclusive Diverse and intellectual Artsy and funky, typically cozy and very welcoming Liberal and free-spirited Lingering encouraged Particularly appealing to younger coffee house customers Wide variety of beverages/food Appeals to the non-traditional crowd Franchise/Large Companies Generally well-recognized names (McDonalds, Krispy Kreme, Dunkin Donuts, etc.) More convenient and accessible Easy access in and out Appeals to the more mainstream coffee drinkers Services (Company) Starbucks purchases roasts of the highest quality of whole bean coffees. Fresh and rich brewed Italian espresso Offers pastries and other appetizing confections Sells coffee-related accessories (mugs, coffee makers, cups, espresso, etc.) Expanded sales into supermarkets of whole bean coffee Introduction the widely popular drink, Frappuccinos, to the public Strives for satisfied customers and a welcoming environment Works to have highest standards of excellence in way of business Offers newspapers and other reading material, popular music, and Internet access (provided by T-Mobile) Keys to Success (Company) Rapidly expand retail operations Growth in its specialty sales and other operations Selectively pursue opportunities to leverage the Starbucks brand through the introduction of new products Continue to be widely available and welcoming Maintain reputation for having specialty and gourmet coffee Make customers feel welcome with friendly service Critical Issues (Moon) Must increase customer satisfaction through improvements to service Friendlier and more attentive staff Faster and more efficient service Increase in personal treatment (remember customers name and order) More knowledgeable staff Better overall service Offer better prices/incentive programs Free cups after x number of visits Reduction of price Offer promotions, sales to increase customer satisfaction OTHER Offer better quality and variety of products Improve atmosphere (friendly, welcoming) Reaching out to community through involvement and awareness More stores and convenient locations Other critical issues Starbucks is criticized for and must be aware of are: Clustering Driving out independents Loss of diversity Its policy toward farming communities in developing countries Fair trade Many of these issues are vital for Starbucks to improve their Customers satisfaction (Simmons). Critical Issues Marketing Strategy Starbucks Mission Statement (Company) Establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles while we grow. The following six guiding principles will help us measure the appropriateness of our decisions: Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting, and delivery of our fresh coffee o Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. Recognize that profitability is essential to our future success. Environmental Mission Statement (Company) Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business. We fulfil this mission by a commitment to: Understanding of environmental issues and sharing information with our partners. Developing innovative and flexible solutions to bring about change. Striving to buy, sell, and use environmentally friendly products. Recognizing that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environmental future. Instilling environmental responsibility as a corporate value. Measuring and monitoring our progress for each project. Encouraging all partners to share in our mission. Other points of importance to Starbucks: Building customer loyalty around cappuccinos, lattes, and other fancy beverages, (Overshot). Want to create a sense of community Want to create a memorable experience for a customer that inspires the customer to return often, as well as to tell a friend Striving to become the most recognized and respected brand in the world Putting people before products (Company) What a Starbucks store should be: An authentic coffee experience that conveyed the artistry of espresso making, a place to think and imagine, a spot where people could gather and talk over a great cup of coffee, a comforting refuge that provided a sense of community, a third place for people to congregate beyond work or the home, a place that welcomed people and rewarded them for coming, and a layout that could accommodate both fast service and quiet moments (Thompson). Marketing Objectives To create a Starbucks experience that makes people come for the coffee, stay for the ambience and environment, and return for the connection To build an image separate from smaller coffee chains To clearly communicate the values and commitments of the Starbucks business to their customers, instead of only growth plans publicized in the media Financial Objectives Have each store reach a $20,000 weekly sales level Open new stores with lower store-opening costs (about $315,000 per store on average). Target Marketing Based on a sample of Starbucks 2002 customer base, the attitudes toward the brand were: The chart shows that the new customers have a poorer attitude toward Starbucks in every category than the existing customers. The new customer type that needs attention is: 45% female, 55% male Average age of 36 37% have a college degree Average income is $65,000 Drink an average of 15 cups of coffee per week Store Expansion Strategy Target areas with favourable demographic profiles, as well as areas that can be serviced and supported by the companys operations infrastructure. For each targeted area, select a large city to serve as a focal point. Goal of each focal city: Open 20 or more stores in that city in the first two years. Once stores cover the city, open additional stores in smaller, surrounding areas in the region. With this plan, the company had only closed 2 of the 1,500 sites it had opened between 1992 and 1997. Stores must be custom-designed. The company does not buy freestanding structures, and therefore each store is a different shape and size. Most stores range in size from 1,000 to 1,500 square feet. Most stores are located in high-trafficked, high-visibility areas, such as: Office buildings Downtown and suburban retail centres Airport terminals University campuses Busy neighbourhood shopping areas convenient to pedestrian traffic International expansion As of 2004, the company operated over 300 company-owned stores in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Thailand, as well as 900 licensed stores in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. Goal: Have 15,000 international stores Other things to consider: Kiosks Drive-through windows Positioning Store Ambience Goal: To make customers want to linger Social Appeal-Offer a sense of community, a place where people can come together Physical layout Seating areas to encourage lounging Appear upscale yet inviting Aromas Smoking is banned in all stores Employees are asked to refrain from wearing perfumes or colognes, and prepared foods are kept covered so customers would only smell coffee aromas. Sounds Play soothing CDs that are also for sale Often offer live music Customer Service The company sees a direct link between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The company believes that employee satisfaction leads to customer satisfaction (Moon). Voted onto Fortunes Top 100 Places to Work Employee satisfaction remains consistently around 80-90%. Turnover rate is 70%, one of the lowest in the industry Focuses on manager stability in order to decrease employee turnover, but also to help recognize regular customers and provide personalized services Employees are trained to connect with customers and focus on customer intimacy. Greet customers with a smile. Enthusiastically welcome customers into the store. Establish eye contact. Try to remember customers names and orders if they are frequent customers. Just Say Yes policy, in order to keep the customer happy, which may go beyond store rules Example: Always compensate dissatisfied customers with a Starbucks coupon entitling them to a free drink Example: Give a customer a free refill if he/she spills their drink. Advertising-The Company spends very little on advertising and depends on word-of-mouth promotion. Involvement in the Community Contributing positively to surrounding communities is one of Starbucks guiding principles in the companys mission statement. Howard Schultz had the plan to build a company with soul (Student). Starbucks has been the largest corporate contributor in North America to CARE, a worldwide relief and development organization to help Third World countries where Starbucks purchases its coffee supplies. The company has an Environmental Committee that looks for ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste, as well as contribute to local community environmental efforts. The company donated almost $200,000 to literacy improvement efforts (Student). Starbucks has many community building programs to contribute positively to the communities where our partners (employees) and customers live, work, and play (Corporate). As part of Starbucks ongoing commitment to share the comfort of coffee during times of crisis, the company continues to demonstrate our support of the men and women serving in the U.S. military overseas (Company). The Starbucks Foundation (Company) Established in 1997 by Howard Schultz Inspired by Schultzs childhood experiences and those of other inner city children Dedicated to creating hope, discovery, and opportunity in the communities of Starbucks Marketing Mix Marketing Research Schultz wanted to use research in order for Starbucks to challenge the status quo, be more innovative and take bigger risks. Examples of questions he asked were : What could Starbucks do to make its stores an even more elegant third place that welcomed, rewarded, and surprised customers? What new products and new experiences could the company provide that would uniquely belong to or be associated with Starbucks? What could coffee be besides being hot or liquid? How could Starbucks reach people who were not coffee drinkers? What strategic paths should Starbucks pursue to achieve its objective of becoming the most recognized and respected brand of coffee in the world? At the retail stores, a pamphlet is available for customers to share their thoughts about their Starbucks experience. Starbucks uses Customer Snapshots, similar to mystery shoppers, to evaluate partner performance in the retail stores (Moon). The four basic service evaluations include: Service Did the register partner verbally greet the customer? Did the partners make eye contact with the customer? Say thank you? Cleanliness Was the store clean? The counters? The tables? The restrooms? Product Quality Was the order filled accurately? Was the temperature of the drink within range? Was the beverage properly presented? Speed of Service How long did the customer have to wait? The companys goal was to serve a customer within three minutes, from back-of-the-line to drink-in-hand. Customer Snapshot Scores (North American Stores) Product   Starbucks product-mix expanded from 30 varieties of whole bean coffees to eco-friendly cappuccino, coffee makers, and other Starbuck paraphernalia. Its product offerings have also expanded beyond pastries and coffee to oatmeal, smoothes, and wraps to keep up with the competition and satisfy more customer needs. The company has also been constantly introducing new products, such as Instant via Ready and Full Leaf Tazo Tea Lattes and Tazo Tea Infusions. The Instant via Ready is an instant coffee that the company claims is indistinguishable from its regular brewed coffee (Jargon). Full Leaf Tazo Tea Lattes and Tazo Tea Infusions are the companys new tea offerings through which it hopes to attract tea drinkers (Edwards). The company also offers Starbucks coffee and cappuccino makers for consumers who wish to replace their existing home coffee makers. Price Starbucks products are priced higher due to perceived upscale image attached to its brand. The company also began to offer $1 bottomless 8 oz. cup of coffee, with unlimited refills that cost approximately 50 cents less than any other Starbucks products. The company is also implementing value strategies that would emphasize more on inexpensive coffee products rather being perceived as unaffordable to price-skittish consumers. For example, the company introduced $3.95 breakfast pairings, including popular breakfast items paired with a coffee, and highlights $2 brewed coffees instead of the more expensive specialty drinks (Jennings). Place   As stated earlier, Starbucks can be found in any neighbourhood where there is a perceived high traffic for its stores. Starbucks outlets can also be found in-store of various large chains including Barnes Noble and Target. Their locations are extremely conducive for individuals that are on the go and for those who enjoy reading or listening to music. Starbucks has also been recently testing stealth outlets, where the store is named after the street it is located on. The new stores attempt to localize Starbucks stores with no Starbucks logo on any of the products being offered there, and instead have the specific street address as the brand name (Allison). Promotion Starbucks has implemented numerous promotions to reach its target markets. Promotions are listed as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ One of the promotions that Starbucks has used is the Starbucks Card. Starbucks Card is an initiative that offers customers the opportunity to promote companys products through a referral system. When a customer purchases a gift card, it not only shows brand loyalty, but it also provides the company with free advertising, and brings in new customers. Starbucks also provides a card for corporate sales, which are used for extrinsic rewards to show employee appreciation for a job well done, or a gift to client or a vendor.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coffee services delivered to offices without coffee size restrictions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Appealing to a diverse customer base by offering international teas and coffees to accommodate those customers that want a taste from home or for locals that enjoy tea. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using philanthropy as a means for promotion Starbucks contributes to several non-profit organizations as a way to improve brand image and awareness in local communities. Controls Problems and Solutions In 2002, our fellow associates, including Christine Day, recognized that customer service needed to be improved upon, and one idea to conquer this problem was to invest $40 million annually in 4,500 stores. By adding almost $9,000 to each store, this would allow an additional 20 hours of labour per week. Day said, The idea is to improve speed-of-service and thereby increase customer satisfaction. According to a survey of customers, 65% believed fast service was a key attribute to their satisfaction. In the past when we thought of adding more labour hours to our retail stores, we decided against it due to the struggling economy, especially since labour was already our biggest expense. Another option instead of increasing labour hours is to increase the efficiency of the partners that we currently employ. We removed the no value- added tasks, simplified the production process, and manipulated the store layout to take better advantage of store space. Additionally, we installed an automatic espresso machine that was faster, reduced waste, and improved consistency while still fulfilling our customers needs. We want to continually implement the use of these machines in more of our stores. Furthermore, we want to add more drive-thru lanes to our stores. In doing so, we can still serve our customers who want a taste of Starbucks on-the go. Marketing Organizations Although we have been considered one of the worlds most effective marketing organizations, we lack a strategic marketing group (Moon). Instead, we have smaller divisions (Moon): Market research group gathered and analyzed market data Category group developed new products and managed the menu Marketing group developed quarterly promotional plans However, we need to find a way to get these divisions to collaborate so information about market and customer trends is not overlooked like it has been in the past and we can make better decisions about driving our business in the future. In 1995, a Stores of the Future project team was formed (Student). Their goal was to come up with the next generation of Starbucks stores to be debuted in 1996. Schultz communicated with the team and envisioned the retail stores to look and feel like, an authentic coffee experience that conveyed the artistry of espresso making, a place to think and imagine, a spot where people could gather and talk over a great cup of coffee, a comforting refuge that provided a sense of community, a third place for people to congregate beyond work or the home, a place that welcomed people and rewarded them for coming, and a layout that could accommodate both fast service and quiet moments. The team researched the art and literature of coffee throughout the ages, studied coffee-growing and coffee-making techniques, and looked at how our retail stores have already evolved in terms of design, logos, colours, and mood. The team decided upon four store layout designs: A store for each stage of coffee making: growing, roasting, brewing, and aroma. Each store had its own colour combinations, lighting scheme, and component materials. Also, the stores adapted to the environment, whether the store was downtown or on a college campus, for example. Recommendations For Improvement Revamp the employee reward system Tighten focus on creating the Third Place environment Focus profitability measures on profitable sales, not just reduction in staffing References Company, The. Starbucks. .Received by 8may, 2010 Corporate Social Responsibility. Starbucks Coffee. . Starbucks Corporation. 4

Self-Deception and Absurdity Essay -- Psychology, Self-inflation Bias

Self-deception is described as a strong urge and desire to maintain or defend a belief or idea that one regards to be the truth even while there is strong evidence that the contrary is actually the truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Self-deception is â€Å"a way we justify false beliefs† and these rationalizations â€Å"may even produce it themselves† (Skeptic’s Dictionary; Perspectives, 117). Some views of self-deception suggest that it is an egoistic act, while others do not believe that this is necessarily true. There is also controversy over whether or not the deceiver is conscious of this incidence. That is, the dispute is over whether the deception is intentionally self-induced. Another debate examines whether or not this tendency is an everyday human occurrence. Self-deception must first be defined before arriving at the conclusion that it is an everyday occurrence because, according to one possible definition, self-deception is argued not to eve n exist. The process of defining this phenomenon can be very difficult and quarrelsome because of diverging views and opinions of the definition. Some may even argue that there are different categories of ‘self-deception’ that only loosely apply to actual self-deception and that this is why it is hard to come to conclusions on the subject (Van Leeuwen). The process of defining self-deception implicates a moral and social definition and understanding as well—questions such as, â€Å"Is self-deception immoral?† and, â€Å"Does society play a role in self-deception?† must be answered. The theory that self-deception is an evolutionary trait must also be taken into account and may answer the question of whether or not self-deception is present in all human affairs—do we have a genetic predispositi... ...lid. This would lead to the conclusion that self-deception is not present in humans and, therefore, cannot be exhibited in all human affairs because it would not exist. Self-deception is a highly debated topic that has a large amount of support on both sides of the spectrum. In psychology and philosophy, though, one must retain the understanding that nothing is either always or never. There will only be assumptions that something is the truth. It will not be the whole truth unless proven to be. Therefore, the argument regarding self-deception may remain unresolved until actual evidence is given that asserts and establishes one of the many theories to be true. Meanwhile, it can be assumed either that the concept of self-deception is valid or that it is not valid. If it is assumed to be valid, it is also possible to assume that it is exhibited in all human affairs.

Literary Concepts of Concord Hymn

The details in â€Å"Concord Hymn† really give great image of the characters and setting of this time period. The poem exalts a general spirit of revolution and freedom. â€Å"Concord Hymn† was written by Ralph Waldo Emerson and was originally sung at the completion of the Battle Monument known at the Old North Bridge. The monument is also known as Obelisk and is believed to the country’s first memorial to its war casualties. The first stanza is the key to the poem: By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood. And fired the shot heard round the world (Roberts and Zweig, 891). Emerson knows the outcome and can describe in detail the emotions around the War. â€Å"By the rude Bridge that arched the flood† lets readers know that the author is describing the bridge as one that is very basic and simply structured and positioned over the Concord River which was at its highest level in April. â€Å"Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled† lets us know clearly that this occurred in April and the wind was blowing. The â€Å"Embattled farmers† refers to the men, which consisted of townsfolk and where not part of any regular army. The shot heard' round the world† refers to the fact that the American Revolution inspired not just Americans, but inspired people all over the world to fight against injustice The second stanza which follows gives detail as to the participants in the War whom are dead: The foe long since in silence slept; Alike the conqueror silent sleeps; And Time the ruined bridge has swept Down the dark stream which seaward creeps (Roberts and Zweig, 891). In stanza two the poem is stating that the participants on both sides of the battle have long been deceased described as â€Å"sleep† which is a common metaphor for dead. The reader also learns in stanza two the bridge was ruined and swept down the Concord River. (PoertyFoundation, 2013) The following stanza is details of the monument being placed in Concord, Massachusetts: On this green bank, by this soft stream, We set today a votive stone; That memory may their deed redeem, When, like our sires, our sons are gone (Roberts and Zweig, 891&892). â€Å"Votive stone† is the Obelisk Monument that was placed by the Concord River as a memory of all the people whom fought and died in the Battle of Concord. The town of Concord is now a popular attraction for both history and literature. The last stanza of the poem which follows the readers can see this Battale was about freedom: Spirit, that made those spirits dare To die, and leave their children free, Bid Time and Nature gently spare The shaft we raise to them and thee (Roberts and Zweig, 892). Emerson writes about the spirits, noting that there were deaths involved, leaving behind family but doing so for their families to now be free. The remembrance flag that is being raised is to honor those who have gone and also to remind those who are now left to carry on never forgetting the history of these brave Americans and what happened that day.

Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Example

Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Example Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Introduction Organization behaviour analysis refers to the systematic attack in analyzing and application of human behaviour as persons or groups within an organisation their behaviour and the consequence this behaviour impacts on the organisation and its ends. It is the analysis of single and group behaviour within an organisation. It enhances better relationships to accomplish human aims, organisations aims and societal aims. The organisation s values ends and civilization are all linked in such a manner that there is integrating between the employees personal ends and the organisation s ends. Organizational behaviour analyses relationships between variables ( McKenna, 2001 ) . The construct of organisational behaviour is based on the theory that the environment dictates the human behaviour ( Duncan, 1982 ) . It covers a broad scope of subjects that include human behaviour, alteration, leading and public presentation. It involves analysing behaviour from an single degree, a group degree and an organisational degree, where the three are someway incorporate. The analyses consequences to more efficient and effectual organisations. The company: Merck Company Inc. Organization behaviour includes analysing behaviour that consequences from external environmental forces. A amalgamation and possible ballad offs are factors that would hold an impact on Merck s employees behaviours and this behaviour would hold an impact on the organisations productiveness. This essay will turn to these subjects in relation to the alterations in Merck s A ; Co. after the company merged with Schering-Plough and during the company s restructuring plan, which involves extinguishing 15 per centum of the employees located globally ( Schepp, 2010 ) . Merck is one of the largest pharmaceutical public companies in the universe. The chief merchandises include medical specialties, vaccinums, biological therapies, consumer and animate being merchandises. The company has its caput office in New Jersey and operates in 140 states located worldwide. The company is listed in the New York Stock Exchange. Merck late merged with Schering-Plough Company. One of the effects of the amal gamation was lying off of about 15 per centum of the new company s employees. The issue Harmonizing to Appelbaum directors should take into consideration organisation s behaviour during and after a amalgamation. Many amalgamation and acquisition failures can be attributed to miss of proper organisational behaviour analysis. One of the negative effects on employees behaviour during and after a amalgamation is that it can take to insecurity and uncertainness among employees ( Appelbaum, 2000 ) . During a amalgamation the direction should turn to the impact it would hold on the employees and offer support and encouragement to the employees, analysing attitudes, values and people s behaviours and how they are affected by the environment. The organisation will necessitate to analyse planning, forming, taking and commanding. Analyze occupation maps, allotment of resources, and work flow processs. Train the employees to stay focussed and reassuring them of their occupation security will assist in making stableness and continuance. Control refers to the direction s subjective and nonsubjective appraisal of the success of ends. The direction should recognize that there is a demand to turn to fright for alteration. Appelbaum et Al. ( 2000 ) recommends three attacks in turn toing organisation behaviour during a amalgamation, communicating, corporate civilization and alteration. Communication During the alteration procedure, it is really of import for the direction to retain unfastened communicating with the employees. This will be really helpful in retaining the company s civilization. Lack of proper communicating to the employees during a amalgamation may take to rumours which may take down employees morale as they become preoccupied with their ain single involvements. Communication will assist in bridging the spread between the person s involvements and the organisations involvements during the meeting procedure. This will help in integrating of the two organisational civilizations, in this instance Merck s and Schering-Plough Company. Merck s direction achieved this through publicising the company s concern scheme in the 2009-2010 Corporate Responsibility Review study ( Merck, 2010 ) . The program included consolidative, incorporating and fostering civilization. The scheme included pass oning the advancement to the employees and other stakeholders ( Merck A ; Co Inc. ) . One of the ways that communicating can be effectual is through repeat of information though different signifiers of media ( Appelbaum, et al. , 2000 ) . The demand for smooth integrating of the amalgamation between the two companies was communicated through assorted studies in the Merck s web site. These studies include the Code of Conduct and the 2009-2010 corporate administration studies. The messages of honestness, transparence and unfastened communicating are reflected in most of the company s policies, demoing the acce nt the company has on unfastened communicating. Organizational Culture When two companies merge, there are possibilities of cultural mutual exclusiveness. This may ensue to struggles. An organizations civilization can be recognized through artefacts such as the company Son, the company values and norms and through basic implicit in premises. It encompasses informal and formal procedures of doing determination in the organisation. This includes the power hierarchy and how employees who are in different places interact with each other. At Merck there is common regard for employees and they are encouraged to develop their accomplishments and they are hence committed to high public presentation. This means that they can be trusted to do determinations without needfully holding to wait for their supervisors consent. The company allows for some inclusion in the determination devising procedure, though employees in difference are to describe their grudges to their supervisors before they go to everyone else. Thus Merck pattern democratic leading manner ( Miner, 2007 ) . In add-on to this, employees should hold person to confide in about their concerns for a amalgamation. At Merck company direction, anyone with a difference on any issue should describe it to the parts Human Resources representative. The company besides has Merck Office of moralss where those who may be afraid of their ain supervisors and human resource representatives should take their questions and concerns. In add-on to this the company has a codification of behavior that acts as a guideline to anyone with any sort of duty in the company including employees and the managers. The codification of behavior includes ethical inquiries and the procedure one should utilize in determination devising. This shows openness and giving employees duty to do determinations. This consequences to happy employees who are more productive. A company that is in the post-merger state of affairs should hold a civilization that is clearly defined. There should be common land for the two companies after which a new civilization will be developed. Merck Co. Inc. is in presently in the post-merger phase. The direction has developed a program that would guarantee a smooth integrating of the two civilizations. This is stipulated in the company s concern impulse which includes uniting the two civilizations, incorporating them and cultivating the new civilization. An organizations civilization can be determined from the company s mission statements, and in its values, moralss and criterions which all form portion of organisation behaviour. The company s values are based on moralss and unity. Merck s mission statement reads To supply advanced, typical merchandises and services that save and improve lives and fulfill client demand, to be recognized as a great topographic point to work and to supply investors with a superior rate of return ( Merck Co. Inc. , 2010 ) . This mission statement shows the importance at which the organisation values the employees part to the growing of the house. This should be a beginning of inspiration for the employees who remained at Merck s company after the amalgamation. The same importance is reflected in the company s moralss and criterions statements. On moralss and criterions, Merck s company has a main conformity office to guarantee that Merck s company complies with all the ordinances as required globally. The conformity officer besides ensures that the company patterns ethical concern patterns and besides safeguarding the person s privateness. This safeguarding of the person s privateness shows the regard the company has on the person. This can move as a motivational factor for the employees. The employee feels appreciated, therefore becomes more productive which improves the employee s public presentation. A company that has effectual corporate administration is in most instances transparent in all its projects. Corporate administration besides involves appreciating that the people in an organisation are the most of import assets in that organisation ( Blair, 1995 ) . Merck s company has an effectual corporate administration construction. The Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) is appointed by the Board and it is the Board that besides determines his wage. The Chairman is responsible for the Board. There is an audit commission which is accessible to all. In add-on to this the company has whistle blowers protection policies. These facts are turn outing of transparence. As such the employees should hold assurance in the company and adjust to the civilization of the new company. Changes A amalgamation leads to several alterations in the organisation. Once an employee joins an organisation, she/he, there is a psychological demand is developed. In bend the organisation has outlooks from this employee. Thus a psychological contract Begins and a menace to interrupt it may be lay waste toing to the organisation and to the employees. On the Individual degree, organisational behaviour analyses perceptual experiences, acquisition, creativeness, motive, personality, public presentation and moralss. Individual s beginnings of motive do vary from single to single, some by inducements, economic benefits, congratulations or merely satisfaction from making a occupation good. It involves placing what motivates each single employee. Organization behaviour analysis besides involves the survey of single behaviour towards some external forces and the effects this has on the organisation. It besides involves of factors which most of the clip would be holding negative effects on public presentation. A major alteration, such as a amalgamation threatens to interrupt the psychological contract, whereby the employee becomes afraid of the unknown and develops feelings of weakness. This affects the employee s public presentation degree. The Merck and Schering-Plough amalgamation had an even more helplessness consequence as the CEO had announced possible layoffs for 15 per centum of the employees. These proclamations of possible loss of employees may do anxiousness and fright. If non addressed this could ensue to down employees who are aggressive and therefore an addition in unsolved struggles. To avoid these effects of alteration, unfastened communicating on the grounds for the amalgamation should be communicated from which the employees should be made to understand the new alterations. There should be no surprise for the employees and they should cognize who and how they would be affected. To extinguish this consequence of surprise, Merck s direction included the intelligence on possible puting off of senior and in-between degree directors, 40 per centum of which would be in the US. The fright can besides be eliminated by affecting the employees to do them experience that they are portion of the procedure. The direction should besides supply employees with ends that are long term. This creates assurance with their employer as they feel secure in their places. This engagement was highlighted in the so CEO s, Mr. Clark s address after the amalgamation. Clark said that for the amalgamation to be successful, the company relied on the employees passion, innovativeness and com mittedness. Harmonizing to Appelbaum and company, ( 2000 ) staff lay offs have the same consequence as amalgamations, depression, anxiousness and weakness. Directors should supply as much information as is possible to cut down rumours and their effects. In add-on to this the directors should promote group treatments. On the group degree, organisation behaviour involves analyzing of the group kineticss, intra-group and inter-group struggles and integrity, interpersonal communicating, leading, webs and group functions. In Merck Co. Inc. planetary constituency groups and employee resource groups are two of the schemes that the company uses to implement diverseness scheme. The planetary constituency groups represent persons from different geographical parts and with different civilizations, faith and professions. They work together towards the same end, the success of the organisation. The employee resource groups are made of voluntary employees who web together and work as squads. These squads offer educational and cultural resources, every bit good as being contacts to other employees. These groupings help in understanding persons while they play an of import function in developing diverseness scheme. These groups played an of import function in back uping each other during the amalgamation as the groups would run into and discourse issues that were of concern to them. Employees must be made to experience that they have regained control of their single end. Decision Organizational behaviour analysis aids in placing the person and group behaviour with the purpose of utilizing the consequences to better on public presentation. The analysis will be used to place an person s different demands and different methods of working and executing a undertaking. This information is used in supplying individualized resources that will assist each person to be more productive. This information will besides be of high importance in guaranting a smooth alteration procedure as the direction devices on ways to help employees digest the amalgamation alterations with assurance. There should be new defined ends for the new company every bit good as new policies, new civilization. These new policies plus any other alterations should be communicated to the employees. The information rayed to the employees should be honest, as employees will be more appreciative if they know the impact the amalgamation has on them. The ballad off information should be provided with sensitiveness otherwise it may hold serious reverberations. Employees feelings should be considered in the whole procedure. This will assist in the success of the amalgamation.

Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) Essays

Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) Essays Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) Essay Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) Essay A copy of an original manuscript is called Apograph. ARCHIVES Organized body of public records or historical documents preserved in a repository. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED A phrase inserted in a book signifying that its copy right is reserved and its violation will be actionable and that the privilege of reproducing it in any form will not be granted without the consent of the owner of the copyright. ASSOCIATED BOOK A book which is written about another book. AUTOGRAPH 1. A person’s signature. 2. A manuscript in the author’s own hand writing.BASTARD TITLE (HALF TITLE) The brief title of a book in which the wordings of the full title is abbreviated and which is usually printed on a separate leaf preceding the main title page. BEST SELLER A current popular book in extensive demand and sold in large numbers. BIANNUAL A publication issued twice a year. BIBLIOLATORY Reverence and respect for books BIBLIOMANIA Madness for books. (Excessive passion for collecting and owing books). BIBLIOMANIAC One who suffering from bibliomania. BIBLIOPHILE A lover of books particularly of their format and physical make up. BIBLIOPEGICA book binder, one who works to bind the books. BIBLIOTHECA Library is a place or building or store where collected books are arranged according to a systematic order. BIBLIOTHERAPY Cure of diseases with the help of reading books. BOOK RARITIES Scarce books of which only a few copies are available any where. BOOK REVIEW An evaluation of the contents, literary worth etc, especially a recently published book, published in a periodical or newspaper. BULLETIN A regular publication of an organization, society etc with a brief statement of the latest news concerning the issuing organization. BOOKThe book is defined as a collection of sheet of papers written, printed or typed, string and bound to illustrate further the concept of book. It has many folded sheets of papers which continue writing. When the page number are 49 or more than 49 it will be named as book excluding the cover pages. When pages are less than 49it will be especially named as pamphlet (decided in General Conference of UNESCO 1964). A non periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of cover pages. UNESCO. Dr. P. N. Gour. BYNAME (NICK NAME) A fanciful name in addition to or in place of proper name. . g Hamidullah Jan is called Hameedi. CANCEL The corrected replacement of a cancelled leaf or leaves of a book containing a textural error. BIBLIOGRAPHY List of books and other reading material, which record the information, describe the information, disseminate the information and does not index the information, not being necessarily of one collection or library. BIENNIAL A publication issued once in two years. BI-MONTHLY A serial publication issued once in two months. BI-WEEKLY (FORTNIGHTLY) A periodical which is published once in two weeks.BLURB (BOOK JACKET, DUST COVER, BOOK COVER, WRAPPER) Publisher’s description and praise of a book usually printed on the front flap of a book jacket. BOOK Book is an acronym of Built in orderly organized knowledge. In education in Pakistan written by Dr. R. A. Farooq. BOOK EXCHANGE An arrangement whereby a library exchanges its duplicate or discarded material with other library. BOOK LABEL (BOOK PLATE) A label pasted in a book to mark its ownership. CAPTION The heading at the beginning of the text, or of a chapter or section of a book, or of an article. CAPTION TITLEThe title printed at beginning of a chapter or section of a book or at the too of each page. CATCHWORD A word given at the bottom of the page after the last line, such word being the first in the first line at the top of the following page. CHANGED TITLE The current title of a book which had originally been published with a different title, e. g, Ceramic in Pakistan old Title pottery in Pakistan change Title. CHARGE To record the loan of a book to reader. CLIPPING (PRESS CUTTINGS) A piece cut form a newspaper or periodical usually containing an important new or some writing worth preservation for the use of readers.For example Afghanistan, Kashmir, ECO, UNO, Pak, Middle East, Nuclear weapon etc. COLLABORATOR One who is associated with another in the writing of a book. COMPOUND NAME A name made up of two or more proper names. COPY RIGHT DATE The date on which copy right is granted in respect of an individual work, usually printed on the reverse of the title page. CORRIGENDA: (ERRATA) A printed list of correction of errors in the text of a book, notices after document was printed and inserted either before or after the printed text. CURATOR A person who has the charge of a museum, art gallery or any special collection.DEDICATION The author’s inscription in a book offering it to a person as a mark of respect or affection or gratitude towards that person. DOCUMENT A record of mental thought expressed in language, written on paper. EDITION The no of copies printed at one time and from one unchanged setting of types. An edition may comprise a no of impressions usually printed from the same types or plates. Different editions may embody an identical text or varying texts. END PAPERS One or more blank leaves inserted by the binder at the beginning and the end of a book.EPHEMERA Pamphlet, cutting and other materials of ephemeral interest and value. FLY LEAF A blank leaf at the beginning or end of a book. FOOT NOTE A note at the foot of a page, giving a reference, an authority or an explanation or elucidation of some matter in the text marked above on the page. FOREWORD: (PRE-AMBLE) An introductory preface of a book by the author stating the reason for writing and enunciation of his theme. FRONTISPIECE A pictorial representation or illustration in the beginning of a book, usually facing or preceding it title page. GAZATTEERA geographical reference work usually arranged alphabetically, giving descriptive, geographical, historical or statistical information about places written about. GLOSSARY An alphabetical list of technical terms concerned with any specific subject together with their definition or elucidations. HARD BINDING Binding in hard board covered with cloth or paper. IMPRESSION All copies of a book printed at the same time from the same setting or types. INDEX A systematically arranged alphabetical list of names, subjects etc, together with page nos where they occur, usually placed at the end of a book or other publications.INTRODUCTION The preliminary section of a book, usually explaining or defining its subject-matter, or giving a general study of the subject, often written by some one other than the author. LEAFLET A separate sheet of printed matter often folded but not stitched. LEGAL DEPOSIT Deposit of one or more copies of every book or other publication, printed or published in the country, in certain libraries, according to the copyright law or another related law of the country. LIBRARY DISCOUNT Rebate allowed by the book trade on the cost of books purchased by a library. LITHOGRAPHYProcess of writing or drawing design on a stone and of processing printed impressions there from. MAGAZINE A periodical publication for general reading of which separate issues are published at regular intervals, containing articles on various subjects, by different authors. MONOGRAPH A separate, systematic and complete treatise on a single subject. NEW IMPRESSION Fresh printing of a book from standing type. PAMPHLET A non-periodical publication of at least five but not more than 48 pages, excluding cover pages. PAPERBACKS Books bound with paper covers, usually to reduce their cost price. PARTIAL TITLEThe sub-title or alternative title or the secondary part of the title given on the title page. PICTOGRAPH A pictorial illustration telling a story by representing an object or an idea. (A thirsty crow, Greedy dog etc. ). PLATE A page containing illustrative matter bound or pasted in a book and usually not included in its pagination. PREFACE A statement written by the author, at the beginning of a book, giving its scope, reasons for writing and the class of readers for whom it is intended. OCTAVO A sheet of paper folded three times to form a section of eight leaves or sixteen pages. OCTAVO EDITIONAn edition issued in octavo form, i. e, of books having section of 8 leaves or 16 pages and whose height is between 20 to 25 cm. PRELIMINARIES Those parts of the book which precede the first page of the text, viz: half title, frontispiece, title page, dedication, acknowledgment, list of contents and illustrations, abbreviations, foreword or preface, introduction etc. PSEUDONYM A name used by an author which is not his real name in order to conceal his identity. PUBLISHING HOUSE A firm engaged in the trade of publishing books. RECTO Right hand page of an open book, usually bearing an odd Page number.REFERENCE LIBRARIAN A librarian incharge of a reference library or who is incharge of reference department in a library. REFERENCE BOOKS Books such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, gazetteers, year books, directories, indexes, bibliographies etc, which are compiled to supply definite pieces of information and are meant to be referred to for such information rather than to be read thorough. REFERENCES The list of publications to which an author has made specific reference in the course of his work, generally appended at the end of each chapter or at the end of the book or the article.REFERENCE SERVICE (REFERENCE WORK) The provision and organization by a library of a service which is directly concerned with assistance to readers in their search for information on various subjects, and in using the resources of the library in study and research. REPRINT An identical copy of a book, printed from the same type or with type set again by without any substantial alteration in the text. REVIEW An evaluation of literary work. REVIEW COPY A copy of a book sent free by the publisher to an individual scholar, or to a newspaper or magazine for review purposes.REVIEWING PERIODICAL A periodical publication largely devoted to reviews of new books. REVISED EDITION A new edition of a book in which printing and textual errors have been corrected, and new material added. REVISED IMPRESSION (PRINTING) A new impression of a book for which revisions have been incorporated in the original setting of types. ROYALTY Payment made to an author by the publisher of a book usually on a percentage basis of its retail price. RUNNING TITLE The title which is repeated at the head of each page of a book. SEMI ANNUALA periodical or any other serial publication, published twice a year. SEMI WEEKLY A periodical issued twice a week. SHORT TITLE Shortened form of the title of a book enough to identify it in catalogue or bibliography, generally used in short cataloguing. SPINE The back of the cover of a book, which usually bears, the title, author and sometimes the publisher’s name. STANDARD BOOK (WORK) A book recognized as of permanent value because of its subject content or the style of writing. STANDARD EDITION The edition of an author’s book which is of a better quality than a normal or cheaper edition. SUB-TITLEA secondary or sub-ordinate title of a book following the main title which is usually explanatory, or modificatory of the main title. SUMMARY The substance or general idea of any written matter presented in a brief form. SURNAME A family name, usually used together with the personal name. TERMS Any word or phrase used in a precise or definite sense. TITLE 1. Name of a work Dr. S. S. Ranganathan. 2. The word or words by which a literary or intellectual work is designated on its title page which may also include the sub-title, alternative title or any elucidatory or descriptive matter relating to the title.TREATISE A formal systematic essay, or book on some subject. VERSION One of several forms of exposition in the same or another language of a work. VERSE The left hand page of an open book, usually bearing an even page number. XY-LOGRAPHY Printing from engraved blocks of wood. YEAR BOOK An annual volume, published every year, containing current information of a variable nature, also reviews of the happenings during the year and statistical statements of annual significance. WATER MARKA mark of water or trade mark is prepared and can be seen on any sheet of paper, specially hand made paper when holds to light. EXTRA BINDING A trade term for the best work in binding. FINISHING It is comprising of lettering, tooling and polishing of the book. FOREDGE The front edge of the leaves. FORWARDING Comprises all operations between sewing and finishing. SIGNATURE The letters or figures placed on first page of each sheet. CONCAVE The inside curve. CONVEX The outside curve. COLOPHONEA statement given at the end of the text of a book giving its title, subject, writer’s printers or publisher’s name and date and place of printing. Sometimes one or more of these items is omitted. IMPERFECTIONS Sheets rejected by the binder and returned to the printer to be replace. HEAD AND TAIL The top and bottom of the book. EMBOSS PRINTING Printing in raised characters for the blind. ADDENDA Additional matters essential to the completeness of the text of a book, usually added after the text. For example at page 85, at line 13 (After Automatic data processing add: see also Data processing).

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 66

Marketing - Essay Example These strategies include the reduction of the number of materials for packing used, the use of packages that are environmentally friendly, use of reusable containers and giving support to the services that involve the collection and recycling of packages (Murphy & Donald, pp 203 & 204). The improvement of the performance system can be affected by the reduction of packing. For instance, the carriers’ tariffs and carriers’ classifications affect the nature of packaging and the packing techniques that should be used. Moreover, the specifications of carrier for defensive packaging cut the probability of destruction to products during carriage; this decreases the loss amount and the damage allegations that do not favor the carrier (Murphy & Donald, pp 206 & 207). Among the ten principles of material handling, the most surprising ones are the ergonomic principle and the work principle. The ergonomic principle aims at adapting work to suit the workers ability. This principle is surprising because of the fact that it tries to encompass the workers mental tasks something that appears almost impossible. The other principle is surprising because the minimization of material handling work without sacrificing productivity is not an easy task and is tricky (Murphy & Donald, pp213). The fragmented logistics and unified logistic of the organizational structure are comparable because, in both, the multiple logistics activities can be put in the same department despite their differences. These two logistic structures, however, differ because, in fragmented logistics structure, the activities management is in multiple departments while in the unified logistic structure, all the activities are managed in one department. Moreover, the classification of unified logistics structure is based on the quantity and the action given to the department. The classification of fragmented logistic structure is, however, based on quantity and the activity given to

Uncertainy avoidance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Uncertainy avoidance - Assignment Example According to Reimann, LÃ ¼nemann & Chase (2008), clients from those cultures that exhibit increased uncertainty avoidance are less satisfied with service defects, or when service expectations are not met as compared to those from low-uncertainty cultures. I have identified culture as a strong determinant of a persons behavior even when such a person is in a very different culture. In my view, conflict will always be pervasive as long as the people in any situation have different cultural orientations. Recently, the world has witnessed the UN and USA trying to convince President Assad of Syria to step down and allow democratic leadership to take on. However, he still has strong internal and external support from those citizens and nations with high levels of uncertainty avoidance like Russia. If the situation in Syria were happening in Western nations, the citizens would be less willing to support such a regime under war circumstances. The reading has allowed me to reflect on why a number of people get it very rigid to change. For instance, I have quite a number of my friends who take the course, which a former family member took, and highly avoid new courses that are a little bit predictable in terms of employment opportunities and p rogress. Additionally, I have gained a clear understanding of why people from most Asian countries like to live in groups and rarely make friendships with those different from them. Reimann, LÃ ¼nemann & Chases (2008) study has allowed me to note that, in business, it is good to learn and understand the differences in customers’ cultures, expectations and needs, to be able to take action of them in the best way and to avoid conflict. As Kegan & Lahey (2009) observe, in cultures with a high level of uncertainty avoidance, citizens opt for predictable leadership and governance. They then become loyal to their leaders and embrace their way of doing things with little criticism. Here, citizens are concerned;