The Olympics: Ethical Issues

The Olympics: Ethical Issues Olympics is considered as one of the greatest worldwide occasions throughout the entire existence of sports. It stages competitors from nations everywhere throughout the world. It is held at regular intervals and the total occasion would keep going for more than over about fourteen days. It is considered as one of most mainstream game on the planet, with over a thousand athletes participating in excess of twenty games. The crowd wide universes which are seeing the Olympics are over a billion. The Olympics was begun almost 3000 years prior in Greece, this was done to respect the greek divine beings, competitors would prepare over some undefined time frame to go up against different competitors to contend in Olympia where the champs are compensated with a crown of olive eyes, which would bring distinction, triumph and regard. New occasions were presented as time passed, and an immense scope of games came into place which urged more individuals to partake in the occasions. Regardless of prior battles, the Olympic Games have formed into one of the universes most conspicuous worldwide brands, and a key occasion on the global brandishing and occasions schedule, foreseen by competitors, sport fans and mentor potatoes the same ( Amis and Cornwell , 2005) Olympics is facilitated once in at regular intervals and its facilitated by a particular city , not a nation . Olympics are isolated into exceptional Olympics like Winter Olympics, Paralympics and the uncommon Olympics , which are explicitly intended for individuals with handicaps. The city wherein the Olympics is facilitated , it would have different destinations in and around the city where diverse games would be occurring, it additionally needs to give an Olympic Village where the contenders and their mentors would be living . Each nation has its own Olympic association which has the obligation regarding taking care of its group. Olympics which is viewed as the greatest occasion with enormous measure of time spent in arranging and structuring and the usage. Qualities most firmly connected with the Olympic picture are sure, optimistic and enthusiastic, for example, being the best, dependable, motivational, quiet, respectable, investment and endeavoring (International Olympic Committee 2001, p. 9). One of the significant amazing images for the Olympics is the Olympic light, speaking to opportunity, an absence of social boundaries and amicability Olympic Marketing Promoting is one of the most incredible asset utilized in Olympics with the assistance of corporate sponsorship. Corporate sponsorship have been partitioned into different classifications like the official support, official permit and the official permit which are given to supports who put resources into this super occasion for a month. The salary which they earned was more than 215 Million US dollars. Tremendous corporate sponsorship was seen during the occasion in 198 when the games where held in Los Angeles, that when Olympics was perceived as an opposition which earned a multi million pound and everybody needed to be a piece of the occasion Medication USE ETHICAL ISSUES IN OLYMPICS The utilization of medication to improve the presentation in sports has been from long hisrory . In the greek society , the job of sports have conspicuous from 400 BC. Triumph in old Olympics gave the champs parcel of distinction , cash , house, exclusions from duty and armed force administration. From those individuals have been taking improving medications in type of plant concentrates and mushroom , it was one of the significant motivation behind why disintegration of antiquated Olympics occurred. In roman realm chariot racers took care of their ponies with improving medications so they could run quicker and warriors were doping to make the amusement incredible and grisly for the paying crowd. it is applicable to take note of an ongoing activity to all the more likely connection sports the executives and moral reasonable turn of events. Industry bodies are urged to make up morally considered move that will fortify the field and improve the utilization of game for instruction and monetary advancement purposes while defending people in the future from the distinguished dangers existing in the games condition ( T. Eleni,pp. 48 ) Automatic and incitemen components for competitors supports and the media must be set up inorder o battle the deadly perils in sports allowing sports to stay ok for the individuals who practice it, for society by and large and to serve agreeable human improvement wherever , as the preample to the Olympic contract states ( T. Eleni, pp. 48) It has gotten progressively imperative to keep the thought of the game which is upheld by the trademark as sheltered . In more extensive term which mean games which is manageable, which is sans fixation, reasonable and moral. It ought to be feasible by which sports ought not prompt development of offices which are improper or sorting out occasions which are enormous which on the opposite causes the games to make improvement which is adjusted. Sports ought to be sans enslavement by which it keeps away from the utilization of all of upgrading drugs however rather advancing games which thusly contributes towards better wellbeing. Sports ought to be reasonable by not permitting it to transform into physical or moral viciousness, yet making it progressively viable as an instructive device which is unique, and Ethics in sports ought to contribute towards sound and compelling economy, by not permitting it to get defiled or criminal in nature. By advancing, overseeing and financing a SAFE game supervisors and organizers can add to an agreeable human advancement all over the place and address the issues of the present athletes/ladies, competitors and fans moving forward without any more hurting sport or trading off the capacity of people in the future to appreciate sport at its best ( T. Eleni, pp. 49).The require a social obligation is an unquestionable requirement, it ranges from duties which is authoritative, for partners advancement and contemplations of financial, moral and legitimate must be made. It is accomplished for successful connection between representatives , clients, network, contenders, government and financial specialists who have enthusiasm for the specific occasion or organization. The utilization of medications in sport has been generally announced by the media lately to the degree that numerous individuals believe it to be a cutting edge marvel. There is proof , anyway , of a long history of the utilization of medications in game to improve execution that can be followed to Greek occasions ( Cahmore, 1996) Political Scandals Surrounding the Olympics As the Olympic Games were progressively gotten famous, the games have become an apparatus of political nature. The greater part of the nations utilize unique contenders as political diplomats. One of the goals in contract of Olympics, the IOC ( International Olympic Committee) is to restrict any maltreatment of political nature in sports and games. Throughout the years 3 significant Olympics have been dropped during the universal wars and because of this in the year 1920 nations like Austria, Hungary, Germany and Turkey were not permitted to partake In the occasion because of their job on the planet war I . Of all the Olympic games which occurred, the Berlin Game which occurred is 1936 was the most affected game as the games were granted to Berlin which was very obvious that Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany would have unlimited authority over the Olympic Games, it was an all out presentation of political quality . Anyway Hitler flopped in the demonstrating the hypothesis of predominance of race when he was disappointed over dark competitors like Jesse Owens winning four gold decorations in various occasions. The Olympic Games are not new to analysis, discussion and negative meanings, most normally identifying with apparent corporate greed and the politicizing of the occasion itself (Roche 2002; Lenskyj 2000) Another case of the Political occasions connected with the Olympics when a gathering of psychological militants assaulted the Israeli base camp during the Olympics in Munich and slaughtered two individuals in a flash and killed another 9 during a bombed salvage endeavor by the German police at the air terminal. These models show how various nations use Olympics as a setting for making their Political stand Medication USE A MORE CONTEMPORARY PHENOMENON ( Coakely , 1994) Use of amphetaminine maltreatment in 1960s which demonstrates how broad medication misuse had become , which driven the specialists to endeavor to destroy he issue. 1960s the utilization of boundless medications was because of the accompanying components Progressively liberal way to deal with experimentation of medications in the general public which caused the perspectives of the medication clients all the more socially satisfactory Advances in the clinical science have made medications all the more generally accessible Since the occasion being marketed and with enormous increment in the media inclusion which has brought about higher budgetary prizes for members which has prepared for the adjustment in the disposition among the competitors to achieve triumph through medication use. Because of this across the board utilization of medications in the advanced time and the trouble looked in controlling the utilization of medications numerous individuals have brought up an issue with respect to why the reason for sports or games itself. The entire accentuation on winning a gold decoration in the Olympics has totally lost the genuine qualities behind such an incredible game. The major standard of any game is that it ought to advance reasonable play and there should no separation between various individuals . This is perhaps the most noteworthy perfect which they ought to follow. At the point when the guidelines are followed, the games become a human action which is advantageous , when this movement is simply connected with objective for result than the procedure itself, that is the point at which it is just adulterated. The morals of Olympics advances balance and reasonable play . Members who with the total information on the morals use medicates then they use it which turns into a moral and good issue. Olympic witticism which says that participating is a higher priority than the triumphant . Numerous individuals in sports today thinks about morals as fundamental part in the importance of sports and they are troubled about the corrupting part about the game. Professionalization and commercialization of sportin

Ivan the Terrible Essay -- History

Ivan the Terrible I’m doing my report on Ivan the Terrible. Ivan Vasiljevich the Terrible was conceived in 1530 and kicked the bucket in 1584. He was the child of the Grand Duke Vasili III. His mom Helena Glinsky was the girl of a Luthuanian outcast who had discovered refuge in Russia. She was youthful, vivacious, clever, and excellent. Vasili had hitched her after he attempted to have a beneficiary for a long time with his first spouse Salome. Vasili was in his 50’s, and Helena was 20 when Ivan was conceived. Ivan had another sibling Yuri brought into the world year and a half later. The day of Ivans birth, August 25, 1530, was an upbeat one. The Grand Duke requested jail entryways opened and chains of thousands of detainees were evacuated and the detainees liberated. Nobles who had fallen into disrespect were absolved. Recluses and holymen were welcomed into the dividers of the Kremlin, and situated as regarded and visitors. The cloud under which his child Ivan was conceived, and under which he would need to carry on with his life, was a dull one.(Koslow, Jules). In 1553, Vasili passed on after a long infirmity. Ivan, whom was just 3 years of age at the hour of his dads demise. With out a ruler boyars (counselors) dominated, just to have wars and testimonial in Russia. For the following quite a long while, the battle proceeded with out kindness on either side. Oppression won. Jails filled. help Anarchy displaced government. The boyars acted like wild mammoths. Russia was lease by fighting groups, washed in blood and administered by barbarity.(Koslow, Jules). Be that as it may, with in the fog of the battles Ivan grew up behind the stronghold of the Kremlin dividers. Ivan was 8 years of age when his mom kicked the bucket. All through his youngster years, he never had a dads hand to organization him, or a moms love delicate love. Him being a vagrant was a blow that molded as long as he can remember. It was set apart with brutality and permanently stepped his character, and future activities and contemplations. He experienced his soonest years in a battle for power, with murder, detainment, and torment being normal. Boyars murdered boyar and colleagues walked them off to detainment facilities at blades point. When Ivan was just 12, devotees of Prince Ivan Shuisky, made a 12 PM strike upon the Metropolitan’s quarters. Separating Ivan’s entryway, he glanced around just to see wild, defensively covered officers with blades, coming to kill him. The officers forgot about with hurting him. Be that as it may, Ivan would never get the dread of approaching ... ...ediately purified through water Maria. In 1581, Ivan slaughtered his child Ivan, the beneficiary to the seat, in an attack of wrath. Ivan's child had his dad's temper. At some point, Ivan IV strolled into the loft of Ivan (the child) and began condemning Ivan's multi month pregnant spouse about her dress. Ivan was so maddened by her unsatisfactory dress, that he began to hit her. His child heard her shouting and ran in. He attempted to stop his dad. Ivan IV was so infuriated with his child's moves that he made his taff and struck his child on the head, slaughtering him. Due to his kicks and blows, Ivan's little girl in-law additionally lost her kid. In one day, Ivan killed the future Czar and Czarvich of Russia. Ivan was immediately repentant about his activities, yet nothing should be possible. With the demise of Ivan IV and his child, Fedor, an imbecilic man who preferred the Church and ringing chimes, controlled the nation. (The primary child, Dmitry had kicked the bucket.) Because of this catastrophe, after Ivan's demise in 1584, the nation entered a period of difficulties. He had left Russia without a solid ruler. Due to the difficulties after Ivan's demise, a few people really wanted that Ivan was still there to govern them. This is my report on Ivan the Terrible.

Truth Can Be Subjective Philosophy Essay Sample

Truth Can Be Subjective Philosophy Essay Sample The concept of truth as the basic philosophical notion has been interpreted differently. There are many definitions of this concept focusing on different dimensions. Thus, for example, truth can be defined as the body of real events, things, and facts (Glanzberg, 2016). This word can also refer to a belief or fact accepted as true and unquestionable. However, one needs to point that existing definitions of this complex and elusive notion cannot accurately explain and reflect its nature. The most challenging issue is to understand what is truth, how it can be perceived by different people, and whether it can change depending on a context or a situation. The main aim of this essay is to explore these problems and determine whether truth is absolute or subjective. The concept of absolute truth suggests that truth is something permanent, eternal and applicable for all times and places. In other words, it is an unquestionable and unalterable fact that works in all contexts. For example, it is the absolute truth that squares cannot be round. Some philosophers, however, claim that there cannot be absolute truth because truth can be perceived differently depending on a situation and a person observing it (Pardey, 2012). At the same time, one needs to admit that the concept of absolute truth is a tricky one because it is difficult to argue against it. To deny its existence means using absolute statements and accepting that other point of view is absolute truth. As seen, absolute truth is associated with irreconcilable contradictions. Subjectivism, also referred to as relativism, teaches that there cannot be absolute truth because truth can only reflect what the speaker thinks about a particular issue (BBC, 2014). This philosophical framework postulates that truth can differ depending on the methods of assessment, a person, social context, culture, time, and many other factors (Baghramian Carter, 2016). For example, while the slim figure is perceived as beautiful in the contemporary society, in the Medieval times, full figures were considered an ideal. However, subjectivism is also widely criticized for failing to reflect the reality. More specifically, it is believed that this perspective is self-deafening and contradictory. For example, those supporting subjectivism believe that subjective truth is the universal truth. However, the problem is that a relative truth becomes an absolute one, thus negating itself. Moreover, subjectivism suggests that there may be different views on some issues. For example, a believer thinks that God exists whereas atheist denies his existence; thus, both individuals are right. Similarly, one person may believe that having children is wonderful while another person argues that it is too challenging and wearisome. The concept of parenthood in this situation is relative. For one individual, it indeed can be simple and fulfilling to raise children while for another individual, it is too scary and demanding. Subjectivism vividly highlights that truth is elusive and people’s perceptions of it may differ significantly. As far as I am concerned, the concept of truth cannot be put within rigid boundaries. On the one hand, I believe that there are some objective facts that possess the absolute quality. For example, people cannot fly, Earth is round, giraffes cannot speak English, etc. On the other hand, I admit that some things are interpreted differently by people and can change their nature depending on the context. Thus, for instance, postmodern literature is interesting for some people while others perceive it as boring and difficult to read. To summarize, while accepting that there is subjective truth that depends on people’s perceptions, I believe that there are also some absolute, objective facts that are true for everybody. In this way, the essay shows that the nature of truth as a philosophical concept is extremely complicated and varies depending on interpretation.

The Importance of Celtic Culture in Sir Gawain and the...

The Importance of Celtic Culture in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, one can discover a variety of reasons why the Green Knight is indeed green. Some can be found in open text while others one has to search for. There is possibly another aspect involved in the holly leaf he carries in his first appearance. The deeper aspect of the Green Knight is how he ties into the beliefs and culture of the Celts. The most obvious reason why the green knight is green are stated throughout his introduction. Fellow, and his hands were green, and his face. And his armor, and his shirt, were green, all green...everything about him was elegant green (line 150-55,66). Every piece of clothing that†¦show more content†¦The fear of other ethnic groups tends to scare people even today. It then leads to misconceptions. If people are still reacting this way today, then back then it obviously is going to be worse. Immediately the Green Knight was thought of as evil because he was not a Christian. Today the same items are visible and lead to the fear and misconceptions, which is why he is feared. Many people ask what exactly makes this giant Green? Later one can imply that Morgan le Fay casts some sort of spell on him to make him green. How exactly though? One can relate the holly branch the Green Knight enters with to this problem. he wore no helmet, no mail-shirt, no neck-armor, nothing against steel or arrow..had only a branch of holly in one hand (lines 203-07). The Green Knight is very confident in his own Celtic magic. So confidant that he has his head chopped off and magically does not die. It never says anywhere that he releases the holy branch from his grasp. Therefore it must be the source of his Celtic power and his protectors at the same time. One knows that the Green Knight is indeed human. He is Bercelak just in a very clever disguise. 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Medieval Iceland produced a highly-developed literary culture, with sophisticated poems and sagas relating to the deeds of the heroes of the Viking Age. Medieval writers concerned themselves with love as well as adventure, particularly from the 11th century onward in France and southern Europe. Stories and poemsRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages2011 Page 1 and used the statement of purpose for borderline decisions. However, of liberal arts faculty who responded, approximately half valued the essays as much as other parts of the application package. ï‚ · Determine the importance of the mentor system. The importance of the statement of purpose increases, as Robert M. Brown notes, at institutions with strong mentoring programs ―because it is the only place where an applicant can elaborate a research interest to the extent that faculty members

The Patient Safety And Risk Management Program - 1429 Words

Purpose A risk management plan is created so as to support Little Falls Hospitals mission and vision statements as it pertains to the clinical risk of the hospital, patients, visitors, volunteers, and employee safety, and any possible operational, business, and property risks. Culture Principles The Patient Safety and Risk Management program will support Little Falls Hospitals philosophy; everyone is responsible for patient safety and risk management. It is essential to have participation and teamwork among providers, management, staff and volunteers. The Patient Safety and Risk Management program will be implemented with the coordination of multiple organizational and department functions and activities. Little Falls Hospital will support the introduction of a just culture with emphasis on evidence based best practices, learning from errors, and providing feedback instead of punishment and blame. In a just culture any unsafe conditions or hazards will be identified quickly, medical or patient care errors will be reported and analysed, open discussions of mistakes and suggestions for improvements are welcome with patient safety and risk management practices. Individuals will still be held accountable for compliance. When evaluation and investigation into errors reveals there has been reckless behaviour or there has been wilful violation of policies then disciplinary action may be taken. Development, review, and revision of the practices and protocols of theShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of Beaumont Hospital s Risk Management1106 Words   |  5 PagesBeaumont Hospital believes that patient safety is just as important as medical progression. Therefore, Beaumont Hospital’s risk management program consists of identifying hazard associated risks, controlling risks, and monitoring the effectiveness of procedures/practices. 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The Secret Circle The Initiation Chapter Eleven Free Essays

string(37) " There was something in her bedroom\." Cassie didn’t know where she was going. The school was trying to hold classes, even though there were probably more kids outside the classrooms than inside. They were in the halls, on the stairs, hanging around the main entrance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Eleven or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cassie looked dazedly at a clock and then went to her science class, conceptual physics. She could probably call her mom and just go home if she liked, but she didn’t want to face her mother right now. She just wanted to try and pretend to be normal. As she sat taking meaningless notes, she could feel eyes on her. She had the odd feeling that she’d been transported back in time and that it was two weeks ago, when Faye had blackballed her. But after class she saw the difference. People kept coming up to her and murmuring, â€Å"Are you okay?† and â€Å"How’re you doing?† They looked ill at ease – as if they didn’t want to be talking to her but felt they’d better. After her last class there were more little visits: people coming in groups of two or three to say, â€Å"Sorry† or â€Å"Just want you to know we’ll miss her too.† The truth of it struck her suddenly, and she almost laughed at the irony. They were condolence calls! Cassie was standing in for the Club. All of these outsiders were coming to her, not realizing that she was as much outside as any of them. When a cheerleader came and said, â€Å"Oh, this must be so hard for you,† Cassie lost it. â€Å"I didn’t even know her!† she burst out. â€Å"I only spoke to her once in my life!† The cheerleader backed off hastily. After that the condolence calls stopped. Ms. Lanning, the history teacher, drove Cassie home. She sidestepped her mother’s worried questioning – apparently the school had called to explain what had happened – and went outside. She climbed down the steep bluff to the beach below her grandmother’s house. The ocean had never looked bleaker. It was a heavy, shining silver color – like the mercury in a thermometer. The day, which had started out so bright, had turned overcast, and it got darker and darker as Cassie paced. And paced. This beach had been one of the good things about living here – but what good was it now? She was walking on it alone. Her chest was bursting. It was as if all the terrible events of the day were locked inside her, struggling to get out. But there was no release. She’d thought being an outcast at school was the worst thing that could happen to her. But it was worse to almost belong, and to know inside that you didn’t, and never would. She knew it was selfish to care about herself after what had happened to Kori, but she couldn’t help it. With all the rage of confusion and pain inside her, she almost envied Kori. Kori was dead, but she still belonged. She had a place. Cassie, on the other hand, had never felt so lonely. The sky was dark gray. The ocean stretched out endlessly beneath it, even darker. Looking at it, Cassie felt a strange and terrible fascination. If she just started walking toward it and kept on going†¦ Stop that! she thought savagely. Get hold of yourself. But it would be so easy†¦ Yes, and then you’d really be alone. Alone forever, in the dark. Sounds good, doesn’t it, Cassie? Shivering violently, she wrenched herself away from the whispering gray waters. Her feet were numb and cold and her fingers felt like ice. She stumbled as she climbed up the narrow, rocky path. That night, she pulled all the curtains shut in her room so she wouldn’t have to see the ocean or the darkness outside. Chest aching, she opened her jewelry box and took out the piece of chalcedony. I haven’t touched your gift in a while. But I’ve thought about you. Whatever I’m doing, wherever I am, you’re somewhere in my mind. And oh, how I wish†¦ Her hand shook as she shut her eyes and put the stone to her lips. She felt the familiar crystalline roughness, the coolness of it warming to her warmth. Her breath came more quickly and tears started to her eyes. Oh, someday, someday, she thought†¦ Then her mouth twisted in pain. A surge of something like lava welled up in her chest, and she threw the stone as hard as she could across the room. It hit the wall with a sharp sound and fell, clattering, to the floor. Someday nothing! the cruel voice inside her cried. Stop fooling yourself! You’ll never see him again. She lay in bed staring with sore eyes into the dimness, lit by a small night-light on the far wall. She couldn’t cry. All her tears had been scorched away. But her heart felt as if it had been torn open. Cassie was dreaming of the ocean – the dark and endless ocean. The ship was in trouble – she could hear the timbers creaking beneath her. They were going aground. And something was lost†¦ lost†¦ She came awake all at once, sucking in her breath. Was that a noise? Body tense, she listened. Silence. Her eyes struggled to pierce the darkness. The night-light had gone out. Why hadn’t it occurred to her to be afraid earlier? What had been wrong with her this evening? She’d gone out there on the beach alone, never even wondering if the person who’d killed Kori might be watching, waiting†¦ Accident, she thought, every sense alert and straining. They said it was probably an accident. But her heart was thundering dizzily. She seemed to see scintillating lights in the darkness. And she could feel †¦ A presence. Like a shadow in front of her. Oh, God, she could feel it. She sensed it like a pressure on her skin, like a radiation of cold. There was something in her bedroom. You read "The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Eleven" in category "Essay examples" Her eyes were staring into the utter blackness, her body trembling with tension. Insane as it was, she had the wild thought that if she didn’t move, didn’t make a sound, it couldn’t find her. But she was wrong. She heard a shuffling noise, a stealthy advancing. Then the unmistakable creak of a floorboard. It was coming toward her. Suddenly she could move. She drew in breath for a scream – and there was a rush in the darkness and something clapped over her mouth. Instantly, everything changed. Before, all had been stillness, now all was dizzy motion. She was fighting. It didn’t do any good; her arms were being caught and held. Something else had her feet. She was being rolled over and over. Wrapped in the sheet. She couldn’t move. Her arms were trapped in the material. She was trying to kick, but her feet were trapped too. She felt herself being lifted. She couldn’t scream; she was choking. Something was over her head, suffocating her. And the most terrible thing was the silence, the utter, continuing silence. Whatever had her was as noiseless as a ghost. As a ghost†¦ and she herself was now wrapped in a shroud. Wild thoughts careened in Cassie’s head. It was taking her out of her bedroom. Taking her downstairs – out of the house. It was taking her outside to bury her. She had envied Kori – now she was going to join her. It was going to put her in the ground – or in the sea. Frantic, she tried to thrash, but the restraining material was too tight. She had never been so frightened. In time, though, the violence of her first panic exhausted itself. It was like fighting against a strait jacket; her struggles only served to tire her out. And overheat her. She was smothering and she was so hot†¦ if only she could breathe†¦ Panting, Cassie felt her body go limp. For the next few minutes all her concentration was devoted to getting enough air. Then, slowly, she began to think again. She was being carried by more than one person. That was certain. Her arms and legs were being restrained not only by the winding material of the sheet, but by hands. Human hands? Or†¦ images flooded her mind. Images out of horror movies. Skeletal hands barely covered by withered flesh. Dusky hands with nail beds the cyanotic blue of death. Mutilated hands, hands from the grave†¦ Oh, God, please†¦ I’ll lose my mind. Please make it stop or I’ll die. I’ll die of terror. Nobody can be this frightened and live. But it wasn’t so easy just to die after all. It didn’t stop, and she went on living. It was like a nightmare, but Cassie knew she was not asleep. She could pray all she wanted, but she wouldn’t wake up. Then everything stopped. She was no longer being carried; she was being held. Then tilted†¦ her legs kicked and touched ground. She was being set on her feet. The sheet was unwinding; she felt a breeze on her legs, and her nightgown hem flapping against them. Her arms were free. Weakly she grabbed out, and her wrists were caught and held behind her. She still couldn’t see. Something was over her head, some kind of hood. It was hot inside, and she was breathing her own carbon dioxide. She swayed, wanting to kick, to fight again, and knowing she didn’t have the strength. Then, from directly behind her, she heard a sound that changed everything. It was a chuckle. Slow and rich. Amused. But with a grim edge to it. Unmistakable. Faye. Cassie thought she had been frightened before. She’d imagined ghosts, the living dead come to drag her back into the ground with them. But all those wild and supernatural fears were nothing compared to the sheer terror she felt now. In one blinding instant she put it all together. Faye had killed Kori. The way she was going to kill Cassie now. â€Å"Walk,† Faye said, and Cassie felt a push in the center of her back. Her hands had been tied together behind her. She staggered and then took a step. â€Å"Straight ahead,† Faye said. Cassie staggered another step, and an arm steadied her. It came from the side. Faye wasn’t alone, then. Well, of course not; she couldn’t have carried Cassie by herself. Cassie had never realized how important it was to see. It was terrifying to be made to walk like this, on and on into nothingness. For all she knew Faye might be marching her straight off a cliff. No, not off a cliff. They weren’t on a bluff; they were on the beach. Although she couldn’t see, now that she was no longer wrapped in the sheet her other senses were functioning. From her left came the slow, rhythmic roar of waves. Very close. Under her feet she could feel crumbling, slightly damp sand. The breeze that lifted her nightgown around her calves was cold and fresh. It smelled of salt and seaweed. â€Å"Stop.† Cassie obeyed automatically. She tried to swallow and found the inside of her mouth was like glue. â€Å"Faye – † she managed to get out. â€Å"Be quiet!† The voice was sharp, no laziness now. Like a cat with its claws unsheathed. A sudden pressure at her neck made Cassie stiffen – someone had grabbed the bottom of the hood and was tightening it warningly. â€Å"Don’t talk unless you’re asked a question. Don’t move unless you’re told. Do you understand?† Numbly, Cassie nodded. â€Å"Now take one step forward. Turn to your left. Stop. Stay right there. Don’t make a sound.† Hands moved at the back of Cassie’s neck. Then there was a glorious rush of cool air as the hood was lifted away. Light burst in on her, and Cassie stared in astonishment at the fantastic scene before her eyes. Black and white, that was her first thought. Everything was stark black and white, like a scene from the surface of the moon. But there was the moon in front of her. Pure white, just risen, it formed a perfect crescent over the ocean. The ocean was as black as the sky, except for the ghostly white foam on the waves. And in front of it stood a figure that seemed to shine with a pale light. Diana? She was wearing a thin white shift that left her arms bare. Clasped around one upper arm was a wide cuff of silver with strange engraving on it. On her forehead was a sort of diadem with a crescent moon, the horns pointing upward. Her long hair, hanging loose beneath it, seemed to be woven of moonlight. In her hand was a dagger. With terrifying sharpness Cassie now remembered the dream she’d had of her mother and grandmother in her room. Sacrifice, one of them had said. Was that what she was here for now? Sacrifice? Mesmerized, she stared at the blade of the dagger, at the moonlight shimmering on it. Then she looked at Diana’s face. I would never have believed it – no, I wouldn’t have believed that you would help Faye do this. But you’re here, with a knife. I’m seeing it. How can I not believe my own eyes? â€Å"Turn around,† a voice said. Cassie felt her body turn. A circle was drawn in the sand, a big one. Inside and outside were candles, stuck right into the beach. Wax was melting on the sand. The candles were all sizes, all colors. Some looked as if they had been burning a long time, from the amount of wax pooled beneath them and the way they had slumped. Every flame was dancing in the slight breeze. Inside the circle were the members of the Club. Cassie’s frightened mind registered glimpses of faces and no more, like flashes seen in lightning. The same faces she had seen gathered around the table in the back room that afternoon. Proud. Beautiful. Alien. Faye was one of them. She was dressed all in black. And if Diana’s hair seemed to be woven of moonlight, hers was woven of gloom, Diana walked past Cassie and stepped into the circle. Suddenly Cassie realized that the ring drawn in the sand was not complete. There was a gap in its northeast corner, directly in front of her feet. She was standing just outside the threshold. Startled, her eyes came up to seek Diana’s. Diana’s expression revealed nothing; her face was pale and distant. Cassie’s heart, which had been thudding dully, now picked up speed. Diana spoke, her voice clear and musical, but she was not speaking to Cassie. â€Å"Who challenges her?† Faye’s throaty voice rose in answer. â€Å"I do.† Cassie didn’t see the dagger until Faye held it at her throat. It pricked, pressing slightly into the hollow, and she felt her eyes widen. She tried to hold completely still. Faye’s hooded, enigmatic eyes were gazing straight into hers. There was a sort of fierce pleasure in their depths, and the same heat Cassie had seen in the science building when Faye had threatened her with fire. Faye smiled her slow, scary smile, and the pressure of the blade against Cassie’s throat increased. â€Å"I challenge you,† Faye said directly to Cassie. â€Å"If there is any fear in your heart, it would be better for you to throw yourself forward on this dagger than to continue. So what is it, Cassie?† she added, her voice dropping to a lazy, intimate murmur that could scarcely have been heard by the others. â€Å"Is there fear in your heart? Careful how you answer.† Dumbfounded, Cassie only stared. Fear in her heart? How could there not be fear in her heart? They had done everything they could to terrify her – of course there was fear in her heart. Then, moving only her eyes, she looked at Diana. Cassie remembered Laurel in the back room today, after Faye had implied Diana might have had something to do with Kori’s death. Laurel had looked confused for a moment, then her face had cleared and she’d said, â€Å"I don’t care what you say; you’re never going to make me believe Diana would hurt Kori.† That was faith, Cassie thought. Believing no matter what. Did she have that kind of faith in Diana? Yes, she thought, still looking into Diana’s steady green eyes. I do. Then can I trust her no matter what? Enough not to be afraid anymore? The answer had to come from inside. Cassie searched through her mind, trying to find the truth. Everything that had happened tonight – them dragging her out of bed, carrying her down here without any explanation, the knife, the strangeness of this whole ceremony – it all looked bad. And someone had killed Kori†¦ I trust you, Diana. That was the answer she found at the bottom of her mind. I trust you. Despite all this, no matter how it looks, I trust you. She looked back at Faye, who was still wearing a little catlike smile. Gazing straight into those honey-colored eyes, Cassie said clearly, â€Å"Go on. There’s no fear in my heart.† Even as she said it, she felt the symptoms of terror drop away from her. The weakness, the giddiness, the thudding of her heart. She stood straight even though her hands were still tied behind her back and the dagger point was still at her throat. Something flared in Faye’s eyes. Something like grim respect. Her smile changed, and she nodded almost imperceptibly. The next instant her black eyebrows were raised ironically as she spoke. â€Å"Then step inside,† she invited. Straight forward? Into the dagger blade? Cassie refused to let her eyes drop from the golden ones in front of her. She hesitated an instant, then stepped straight forward. The blade yielded before her. Cassie could feel a tiny trickle of wetness on her throat as it withdrew and Faye stepped back. Then she looked down. She was inside the circle. Diana took the dagger from Faye and went to the break in the circle behind Cassie. Drawing the knife through the sand, she bridged the gap, making the circle complete. Cassie had an odd sensation of closure, of something sealing. As if a door had been locked behind her. And as if what was inside the circle was different from anything outside. â€Å"Come to the center,† Diana said. Cassie tried to walk tall as she did. Diana’s shift, she could see now, was slit all the way up to the hip on one side. There was something on Diana’s long, well-made upper leg. A garter? That was what it looked like. Like the ornamental bands of lace and ribbon that a bride wears to throw at a wedding. Except that this was made of something like green suede and lined with blue silk. It had a silver buckle. â€Å"Turn around,† Diana ordered. Cassie hoped the cord binding her wrists was going to be cut. But instead she felt hands on her shoulders, spinning her faster and faster. She was being whirled around and pushed from side to side, from person to person. For an instant panic surged through her again. She was dizzy, disoriented. With her hands tied she couldn’t catch herself if she fell. And that knife was somewhere†¦ Just go with it. Relax, she told herself. And magically, her fear dissolved. She let herself be bounced from one person to another. If she fell, she fell. Hands steadied her, stood her facing Diana again. She was slightly breathless and the world was reeling, but she tried to draw herself up straight. â€Å"You’ve been challenged and you’ve passed the tests,† Diana informed her, and now there was a little smile in Diana’s green eyes, although her lips were grave. â€Å"Now are you willing to swear?† Swear what? But Cassie nodded. â€Å"Will you swear to be loyal to the Circle? Never to harm anyone who stands inside it? Will you protect and defend those who do, even if it costs you your life?† Cassie swallowed. Then, trying to keep her voice level, she said, â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Will you swear never to reveal the secrets you will learn, except to a proper person, within a properly prepared Circle like the one we stand in now? Will you swear to keep these secrets from all outsiders, friends and enemies, even if it costs you your life?† â€Å"Yes,† Cassie whispered. â€Å"By the ocean, by the moon, by your own blood, will you so swear?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Say, ‘I will so swear.’ â€Å" â€Å"I will so swear.† â€Å"She has been challenged and tested, and she has been sworn,† Diana said, stepping back and speaking to the others. â€Å"And now, since all of us in the Circle agree, I call on the Powers to look at her.† Diana raised the dagger above her head, pointing the blade at the sky. Then she pointed it to the east, toward the ocean, then to the south, then toward the western cliff, then toward the north. Finally, she pointed it at Cassie. The words she spoke as she did sent shock waves running down Cassie’s spine: Earth and water, fire and air, See your daughter standing there. By dark of moon and light of sun, As I will, let it be done. By challenge, trial, and sacred vow, Let her join the Circle now. Flesh and sinew, blood and bone, Cassie now becomes – â€Å"But we don’t all agree,† an angry voice broke in. â€Å"I still don’t think she’s one of us. I don’t think she ever can be.† How to cite The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Eleven, Essay examples

Pablo Picasso Essays (390 words) - Pablo Picasso, School Of Paris

Pablo Picasso Pablo R. Picasso is generally considered in his technical virtuosity, enormous versatility, and incredible originality and prolifically to have been the foremost figure in 20th-century art. Pablo Picasso delivered at 11:15 P.M. in Malaga, a city in southern Spain, on October 25, 1881. He almost died at birth. If it had not been for the presence of his uncle, Dr. Salvador Ruiz, the infant might never have came to life. He could not draw a breath, so his uncle blew cigar smoke into his face. It would be his first triumph over death. Picasso was the son of Jose Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher, and Maria Picasso y Lopez. Picasso was a genius at a very early age. Academically Picasso was an incredibly meager student and did not excel in math. He would draw in class rather than work, his attention span was very short. It was thought later that he had dyslexia. In 1895 a professor at the School of Fine Arts in Barcelona offered to trade positions with his father, so the family moved to La Coruna. Soon after the family settled down, his father decided it was time that Pablo undertook the formal study of art. As a faculty member his father pulled some strings. He convinced the school officials to allow his son to take the examination for admission into the advanced classes, which were meant for students far more sophisticated then Pablo. The exam required two charcoal drawings of living models. His uncle Salvador paid models to pose for him so that he could paint realistically. He completed his drawings within a weeks time, a quarter of the time most students took. An awed jury admitted the young candidat e to the school immediately. He won a gold medal for his unbelievably realistic painting of a doctor, a nun, and a child at a sick woman's bed entitled Science and Charity. In 1897 Picasso passed the entrance exam at the Royal Academy of San Fernando in Madrid. To be derived from other work of art and not directly from nature Pablo Picasso's Meaning of art. Pablo Picasso, probably the most prolific artist of all time, has expressed himself with equal virtuosity in painting, drawing, sculpture, graphics and ceramics. He has influenced artist in every medium to which he has put his hand.

Free Essays on Sioux Wars

The Sioux and Tribal war War as many people have thought, didn’t start with the white man coming to America. War is a way of life. War has been going on among tribes for, as long as there have been people. Among the American Indians the Sioux were the most feared of all tribes, Probably because the Sioux were the largest tribe. The Sioux consisted of four main branches the Teton, Santee, Yankton, and the Yanktonaj. Those four branches were also broken up into different groups. Unlike modern wars these wars were fought in hand-to-hand combat often resulting in a bloody battle. There were also no rules to follow, so there was nothing ethical about any thing that they did. From the story in the book of The Singing Spirit called, In the Name of His Ancestor. It talks about a story of two tribes, the tribe of the Rock River country and the Sioux. The two tribes had been fighting for a long time then finally the Sioux offered a peace treaty. But when the Rock River elders arrived at the Sioux camp the elders were all brutally murdered and scalped. But one of the sons escaped and returned home. He set up a war party to get revenge and he did. Some of the most famous battles in history were fought by the Sioux. The Grattan affair, the Minnesota uprising, the war for the Bozeman trail, The war for the black hills and the most famous of all was the battle at wounded knee The most famous chiefs or Indian leaders in history were Sioux. The Most famous were Spotted tail, Red cloud, Sitting Bull and Crazy horse. In conclusion the Sioux were great warriors that left a big dent in the history books.... Free Essays on Sioux Wars Free Essays on Sioux Wars The Sioux and Tribal war War as many people have thought, didn’t start with the white man coming to America. War is a way of life. War has been going on among tribes for, as long as there have been people. Among the American Indians the Sioux were the most feared of all tribes, Probably because the Sioux were the largest tribe. The Sioux consisted of four main branches the Teton, Santee, Yankton, and the Yanktonaj. Those four branches were also broken up into different groups. Unlike modern wars these wars were fought in hand-to-hand combat often resulting in a bloody battle. There were also no rules to follow, so there was nothing ethical about any thing that they did. From the story in the book of The Singing Spirit called, In the Name of His Ancestor. It talks about a story of two tribes, the tribe of the Rock River country and the Sioux. The two tribes had been fighting for a long time then finally the Sioux offered a peace treaty. But when the Rock River elders arrived at the Sioux camp the elders were all brutally murdered and scalped. But one of the sons escaped and returned home. He set up a war party to get revenge and he did. Some of the most famous battles in history were fought by the Sioux. The Grattan affair, the Minnesota uprising, the war for the Bozeman trail, The war for the black hills and the most famous of all was the battle at wounded knee The most famous chiefs or Indian leaders in history were Sioux. The Most famous were Spotted tail, Red cloud, Sitting Bull and Crazy horse. In conclusion the Sioux were great warriors that left a big dent in the history books....

Brigadier General David McMurtrie Gregg in the Civil War

Brigadier General David McMurtrie Gregg in the Civil War David McM. Gregg - Early Life Career: Born April 10, 1833, in Huntingdon, PA, David McMurtrie Gregg was the third child of Matthew and Ellen Gregg.   Following his fathers death in 1845, Gregg moved with his mother to Hollidaysburg, PA.   His time there proved brief as she died two years later.   Orphaned, Gregg and his older brother, Andrew, were sent to live with their uncle, David McMurtrie III, in Huntingdon.   Under his care, Gregg entered the John A. Hall School before moving on to nearby Milnwood Academy.   In 1850, while attending the University of Lewisburg (Bucknell University), he received an appointment to West Point with the aid of  Representative Samuel Calvin.    Arriving at West Point on July 1, 1851, Gregg proved a good student and an excellent horseman.   Graduating four years later, he ranked eighth in a class of thirty-four.   While there, he developed relationships with older students, such as J.E.B. Stuart and Philip H. Sheridan, with whom he would fight and serve with during the Civil War.   Commissioned a second lieutenant, Gregg was briefly posted to Jefferson Barracks, MO before receiving orders for Fort Union, NM.   Serving with the 1st US Dragoons, he moved to California in 1856 and north to Washington Territory the following year.   Operating from Fort Vancouver, Gregg fought several engagements against the Native Americans in the area.    David McM. Gregg - The Civil War Begins: On March 21, 1861, Gregg earned a promotion to first lieutenant and orders to return east.   With the attack on Fort Sumter the following month and beginning of the Civil War, he quickly received a promotion to captain on May 14 with orders to join the 6th US Cavalry in Washington DCs defenses.   Shortly thereafter, Gregg fell gravely ill with typhoid and nearly died when his hospital burned.   Recovering, he took command of the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry on January 24, 1862 with the rank of colonel.   This move was facilitated by the fact that Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtain was Greggs cousin.   Later that spring, the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry shifted south to the Peninsula for Major General George B. McClellans campaign against Richmond. David McM. Gregg - Climbing the Ranks: Serving in Brigadier General Erasmus D. Keyes IV Corps, Gregg and his men saw service during the advance up the Peninsula and ably screened the armys movements during the Seven Days Battles that June and July.   With the failure of McClellans campaign, Greggs regiment and the rest of the Army of the Potomac returned north.   That September, Gregg was present for the Battle of Antietam but saw little fighting.   Following the battle, he took leave and traveled to Pennsylvania to marry Ellen F. Sheaff on October 6.   Returning to his regiment after a brief honeymoon in New York City, he received a promotion to brigadier general on November 29.   With this came command of a brigade in Brigadier General Alfred Pleasontons division. Present at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, Gregg assumed command of a cavalry brigade in Major General William F. Smiths VI Corps when Brigadier General George D. Bayard was mortally wounded.   With the Union defeat,  Major General Joseph Hooker assumed command in early 1863 and reorganized the Army of the Potomacs cavalry forces into a single Cavalry Corps led by Major General George Stoneman.   Within this new structure, Gregg was selected to lead the 3rd Division consisting of brigades headed by Colonels Judson Kilpatrick and Percy Wyndham.   That May, as Hooker led the army against General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Stoneman received orders to take his corps on a raid deep into the enemys rear.   Though Greggs division and the others inflicted substantial damage on Confederate property, the effort had little strategic value.   Due to its perceived failure, Stoneman was replaced by Pleasonton. David McM. Gregg - Brandy Station Gettysburg: Having been beaten at Chancellorsville, Hooker sought to gather intelligence on Lees intentions.   Finding that Major General J.E.B. Stuarts Confederate cavalry had concentrated near Brandy Station, he directed Pleasonton to attack and disperse the enemy.   To accomplish this, Pleasonton conceived a daring operation which called for dividing his command into two wings. The right wing, led by Brigadier General John Buford, was to cross the Rappahannock at Beverlys Ford and drive south toward Brandy Station. The left wing, commanded by Gregg, was to cross to the east at Kellys Ford and strike from the east and south to catch the Confederates in a double envelopment.   Taking the enemy by surprise, the Union troopers succeeded in driving the Confederates back on June 9.   Late in the day, Greggs men made several attempts to take Fleetwood Hill, but were unable to compel the Confederates to retreat.   Though Pleasonton withdrew at sunset leaving the field in Stuarts hands, the Battle of Brandy Station greatly improved the Union cavalrys confidence. As Lee moved north towards Pennsylvania in June, Greggs division pursued and fought inconclusive engagements with Confederate cavalry at Aldie (June 17), Middleburg (June 17-19), and Upperville (June 21).   On July 1, his compatriot Buford opened the Battle of Gettysburg.   Pressing north, Greggs division arrived around midday on July 2 and was tasked with protecting the Union right flank by new army commander Major General George G. Meade.   The next day, Gregg repulsed Stuarts cavalry in a  back-and-forth battle east of town.   In the fighting, Greggs men were aided by Brigadier General George A. Custers brigade.   Following the Union triumph at Gettysburg, Greggs division pursued the enemy and harried their retreat south. David McM. Gregg - Virginia: That fall, Gregg operated with the Army of the Potomac as Meade conducted his abortive Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns.   In the course of these efforts, his division fought at  Rapidan Station (September 14), Beverly Ford (October 12), Auburn (October 14), and New Hope Church (November 27).   In the spring of 1864, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Major General Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and made him general-in-chief of all Union armies.   Coming east, Grant worked with Meade to reorganize the Army of the Potomac.   This saw Pleasonton removed and replaced with Sheridan who had built a strong reputation as an infantry division commander in the west.   This action rankled Gregg who was the corps senior division commander and an experienced cavalryman. That May, Greggs division screened the army during the opening actions of the Overland Campaign at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House.   Unhappy with his corps role in the campaign, Sheridan obtained permission from Grant to mount a large-scale raid south on May 9.   Encountering the enemy two days later, Sheridan won a victory at the Battle of Yellow Tavern.   In the fighting, Stuart was killed.   Continuing south with Sheridan, Gregg and his men reached the Richmond defenses before turning east and uniting with Major General Benjamin Butlers Army of the James.   Resting and refitting, the Union cavalry then returned north to reunite with Grant and Meade.   On May 28, Greggs division engaged Major General Wade Hamptons cavalry at the Battle of Haws Shop and won a minor victory after heavy fighting.   David McM. Gregg - Final Campaigns: Again riding out with Sheridan the following month, Gregg saw action during the Union defeat at the Battle of Trevilian Station on June 11-12.   As Sheridans men retreated back towards the Army of the Potomac, Gregg commanded a successful rearguard action at St. Marys Church on June 24.   Rejoining the army, he moved over the James River and aided in operations during the opening weeks of the Battle of Petersburg.   In August, after Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early advanced down the Shenandoah Valley and threatened Washington, DC, Sheridan was ordered by Grant to command the newly-formed Army of the Shenandoah.   Taking part of the Cavalry Corps to join this formation, Sheridan left Gregg in command of those cavalry forces remaining with Grant.   As part of this transition, Gregg received a brevet promotion to major general.   Shortly after Sheridans departure, Gregg saw action during the Second Battle of Deep Bottom on August 14-20.   A few days later, he was involved in the Union defeat at the Second Battle of Reams Station.   That fall, Greggs cavalry worked to screen Union movements as Grant sought to extend his siege lines south and east from Petersburg.   In late September, he took part in the Battle of Peebles Farm and in late October played a key role in the Battle of Boydton Plank Road.   Following the latter action, both armies settled into winter quarters and large-scale fighting subsided.   On January 25, 1865, with Sheridan set to return from the Shenandoah, Gregg abruptly submitted his letter of resignation to the US Army citing an imperative demand for my continued presence at home. David McM. Gregg - Later Life: This was accepted in early February and Gregg departed for Reading, PA.   Greggs reasons for resigning were questioned with some speculating that he did not wish to serve under Sheridan.   Missing the wars final campaigns, Gregg was involved in business activities in Pennsylvania and operated a farm in Delaware.   Unhappy in civilian life, he applied for reinstatement in 1868, but lost out when his desired cavalry command went to his cousin, John I. Gregg.   In 1874, Gregg received an appointment as US Consul in Prague, Austria-Hungary from President Grant.   Departing, his time abroad proved brief as his wife suffered from homesickness.   Returning later that year, Gregg advocated for making Valley Forge a national shrine and in 1891 was elected Auditor General of Pennsylvania.   Serving one term, he remained active in civic affairs until his death on August 7, 1916.   Greggs remains were buried in Readings Charles Evans Cemetery.      Ã‚   Selected Sources Civil War Trust: David McM. GreggSmithsonian: David McM. GreggOhio Civil War: David McM. Gregg

Cyclical Economic Development in The Economic History Essay

Cyclical Economic Development in The Economic History - Essay Example This paper analyses the process of economic growth, which emerges from and as a consequence of cyclical development. In the 19th century, business cycles were not thought of as cycles at all but rather as spells of crises interrupting the smooth development of the economy. In later years, economists and non- economists alike began believing in the regularity of such crises, analyzing how they were spaced apart and associated with changing economic structures. Schumpeter (1939) suggested that the economic development proceeds cyclically rather than evenly because innovations are not evenly distributed through time, but appear, if at all, discontinuously in groups or swarms. Schumpeter identified the "four-phases" of a cycle. Starting from the mean, a boom is a rise which lasts until the peak is reached; a recession is the drop from the peak back to the mean; a depression is the slide from the mean down to the trough; a recovery is the rise from the trough back up to the mean. From the mean, we then move up into another boom and thus the beginning of another four-phase cycle. In a sense, any cycle of whatever duration can be described as going through these four phases - otherwise the fluctuations cannot be described as "cycles". Empirical evidence shows that throughout the 19th Century, the price level moved backward and forward heavily while output was much less subject to fluctuations. The following four Kondratiev waves (ranging between 48-60 years) have been identified - going through four phases of boom-recession- depression-recovery : (1) The Industrial Revolution (1787-1842), (2) The Bourgeois Kondratiev (1898-1950), (3) The Neo-Mercantilist Kondratiev (1898-1950): and (4) The Fourth Kondratiev (1950- 2010).

Investigate the design of Lighting Systems, Electrical Energy Essay

Investigate the design of Lighting Systems, Electrical Energy Management and Tariffs - Essay Example This is done when the consumption is less and proper and no wastage of energy is there. The lamps and other devices should be of proper rating and proper standard. The design should be such that required illumination is obtained in a least possible cost. a) Fluorescent Lamp :- The basic construction of this type of lamp is that it has a discharge tube made up of glass. There are two electrodes at both the ends. This tube contains gases at certain pressure which on ionization emits light. The fluorescent powder is coated at both inside and outside the tube. The electrodes at both the ends are coated with some electron emitting material. A choke coil is connected in series with the lamp to stabilize current. One capacitor is also connected to compensate the power factor. This lamp emits white colour and widely used in homes, offices and shops. b) Electric Discharge Lamp :- These were the first type of lamps that were used. In these type of lamps there is a discharge tube in which two electrodes are connected to both ends and excited by electric source. The gas inside the tube gets ionized and emits light. There are various types of electric discharge lamps namely sodium vapour lamp and mercury vapour lamp. c) Filament Lamp :- In this lamp a fine filament is connected to the electrodes and excited which emits light. The construction of these kinds of lamps is very simple. Earlier fine carbon was used as element in these lamps later on tungsten was preferred in place of carbon. Principle of good lighting While designing lighting system following considerations should be done. 1) Proper illumination level :- This is the major factor because for proper vision the brightness of the object should be proper which depends on illumination level. Degree of illumination depends upon some factors like size of the object, distance from the observer, object background contrast. There are some standards made by ISI for illumination level in various parts of he building. For street lighting also some standards are made. Table below shows some average value of illumination level. Places Illumination level Heavy Traffic routes 30 Average traffic routes 15 Secondary roads with local traffic 8 Secondary roads with light traffic 4 2) Uniform Illusion :- The vision of eye depends on the brightness of the object. If the uniformity of light is there the eye has to adjust more. This will cause fatigue. The method to achieve uniform illumination Generalized light should also be employed with local light. 3) Colour of light :- The brightness of any object basically depends on colour of light falling on it. The composition of light should

An Analysis of Babi Yar :: Babi Yar Essays

An Analysis of Babi Yar Yevtushenko speaks in first person throughout the poem. This creates the tone of him being in the shoes of the Jews. As he says in lines 63-64, "No Jewish blood is mixed in mine, but let me be a Jew . . . " He writes the poem to evoke compassion for the Jews and make others aware of their hardships and injustices. "Only then can I call myself Russian." (lines 66-67). The poet writes of a future time when the Russian people realize that the Jews are people as well accept them as such. If you hate the Jews, he asks, why not hate me as well? True peace and unity will only occur when they have accepted everyone, including the Jews. Stanza I describes the forest of Babi Yar, a ravine on the outskirts of Kiev. It was the site of the Nazi massacre of more than thirty thousand Russian Jews on September 29-30, 1941. There is no memorial to the thirty thousand, but fear pervades the area. Fear that such a thing could occur at the hands of other humans. The poet feels the persecution and pain and fear of the Jews who stood there in this place of horror. Yevtushenko makes himself an Israelite slave of Egypt and a martyr who died for the sake of his religion. In lines 7-8, he claims that he still bars the marks of the persecution of the past. There is still terrible persecution of the Jews in present times because of their religion. These lines serve as the transition from the Biblical and ancient examples he gives to the allusions of more recent acts of hatred. The lines also allude to the fact that these Russian Jews who were murdered at Babi Yar were martyrs as well. The next ezza reminds us of another event in Jewish history where a Jew was persecuted solely because of his religious beliefs. The poet refers to the "pettiness" (line 11) of anti-Semitism as the cause of Dreyfus' imprisonment. Anti-Semitism is his "betrayer" (line 12) when he is framed, and anti-Semitism is his "judge" (line 12) when he is wrongly found guilty. Lines 13-14 claim that even the fine and supposedly civilized women of society shun Dreyfus because he is a Jew and fear him like they would fear an animal. In ezza III, Yevtushenko brings himself to the midst of the

Nursing program

I have come to a point in life that many people have not.   I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams.   While there are those who believe that with an ounce of luck and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no reason to expend so much energy and rely on luck.   I believe in taking hold of my destiny and carving out a future for myself based on the decisions that I make in life.   Life is simply too short and too precious to be left to luck alone.   This is why I have decided to apply at the National University Nursing Program to become a registered nurse. I have always wanted to help change the world.   As a child, I believed that if everyone did their own little part in taking that extra step to help others, the world would be a much better place for everyone.   The stark reality of it all hit me not long after that but it did not lessen my resolve.   I figured that if so many people I knew did not want to do their part in changing the world then I would probably have to do their share.   This is where my motivation to pursue nursing comes from; the drive to go the extra mile just to make a difference in this world. Early in life, I have always realized that my dream was to be able to help those less fortunate in life.   I have relentlessly pursued this dream and at present I am proud to say that I have had a lot of experience in the Nursing Field by acting as a private caregiver to the elderly in La Jolla.   I understand, however, that in order for me to turn these dreams into realities I need to get the training and proper experience necessary.   I see this as the first step in attaining my goals.   Eventually, I hope that my education with the National University over the next 2 years coupled with work in the neonatal intensive care unit as a registered nurse will allow me to live out my dreams. I see my goal in life as similar to that of Nurse Leader Mary Breckenridge in that I know that nursing plays a very important role in the world today.   There are few jobs and professions that are as rewarding as nursing.   While other jobs may get more publicity, the role that nurses play in the health care industry is highly valued and appreciated.   My motivation has to do with the fact that nursing is one of the ways by which I am able to do something that I really want to do in my life and that is to care and help other people.   More importantly, I greatly feel that by taking up nursing I can become a productive member of society. I remember vividly the first time that I had decided to become a registered nurse.   My Aunt had given birth prematurely and ended up losing her child.   She was only six months pregnant when this happened.   It was a traumatic and harrowing experience for all of us in the family.   Seeing her pain, I was determined to make sure that I would do all I could to help those in similar situations.   Much like my mother devoted her time to the less fortunate by completing her Masters in Special Education at the National University, I also plan to pattern my life after her example.   As such, I would also like to point out that I have continually improved my academic performance in school over the years. This was the factor that set the field of nursing apart from the other careers in the medical field.   The human involvement that is critical in nursing makes it the ideal profession for me.   The remunerations that one can receive from being a nurse are only secondary to the feeling of fulfillment from knowing that one was able to provide support to those in need.   These experiences that I took with me during my time in the hospital shaped my future and opened my eyes to the benefits that a career in nursing can provide. Pursuing my career in nursing is just the first step in my plan.   Much like Nurse Leader Mary Breckenridge has done, I too want to be just more than a nurse.   I would like to have the opportunity to take a bigger role in making the world a better place to live.   My main philosophy in life is to lead by setting an example. I cannot expect others to do what I myself would be willing to do but that does not mean that I cannot hope that others will see the example that I have shown them. This philosophy is one of the many forces that drive me to pursue my dream of pursuing a career in nursing and of becoming so much more in life.   The chance to help those who are less fortunate in life, the chance to help others, the opportunity to be of service to humanity; these are the reasons why I have selected nursing as the profession that I will pursue; for, as Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬       

Traditions and Customs in Romania - 4023 Words

Romania is situated in the southeast of Europe, to the north of the Balkan Mountains. It has a population of about 23 million inhabitants. Most of its people are of Roman origin-in fact, â€Å"Romania† means â€Å"land of the Romans†. But there are also Hungarians, Germans, Serbs, Tartars, and Russians who make up the rest of the population. The official language is Romanian, the only language of Latin origin in Eastern Europe. Brought up to respect religious traditions, the majority of Romanians is Orthodox (nearly 87 percent). Protestants are the next largest denomination at 6.8 percent with Catholics making up 5.6 percent of the population. A small number of Muslims also live in Romania. Romanian Orthodox Church, in common with all Eastern†¦show more content†¦The white blouse is also a basic item in male costume, tightened at the waist with a woolen sash or leather belt. This is usually worn with narrow, white trousers. A typical piece of headgear for men i s the hat made of lambskin, black felt, or straw-depending on the time of year and the local tradition. Romania preserved a significant number of traditional customs and celebrations manifest within the strong community of the village. Ceremonies dedicated to the significant moments of ones life (birth, wedding, death), to natural cycles (such as solstice, equinox, harvest, springtime) or to the big religious celebrations, follow the same archaic mythical rituals they did a thousand years ago. Even though preformed in 21st century in villages marked by modernization, such traditional rites havent diminish their prestige. They still provide viable answers to how to live in harmony with the environment and community, that the present social and economical system cannot furnish. During winter solstice, when the sun is weak and frost and dryness take over, Romanian peasants conceived ceremonies to help the Sun and Nature to overcome this temporary crisis. For 12 days between Christmas and St. John on January 7th, all Romanian villages have specific celebrations, starting with childrens caroling on Christmas eve: â€Å"Mos Ajun† or â€Å"Buna Dimineata† (Good Morning). Well spread throughoutShow MoreRelatedCelebrating Easter in Romania Essay527 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the most important religious holidays in Romania is Easter, the annual festival commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated on a Sunday on changeable dates between March and April. Usually it is a week after the Catholic Easter. In Romania, the Christian Church says that Jesus was born during the winter solstice and his death followed by his resurrection happened during the spring equinox. 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